fig13

Figure 13. Strategies for large-scale manufacturing of electrodes. (A) GO-based MEG can be produced at scale using screen printing technology^[173]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry; (B) Screen printing technology for integrated electrodes^[34]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2025, Royal Society of Chemistry; (C) Circuit made by laser etching carbon film technology^[33]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society; (D) Electrodes prepared by laser printing on PI substrate^[109]. Reproduced under CC BY license from Su Yang, 2024, Nature Communications; (E) Manufacturing of electrode arrays by nano-ultraviolet laser processing^[105]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature Limited; (F) Schematic diagram of mass production by 3D printing technology^[153]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons. GO: Graphene oxide; MEG: moisture-electric generator; PI: polyimide; 3D: three-dimensional; MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; PEDOT:PSS: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate); H-PSS: poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid).