fig1

Figure 1. (A) Schematic illustration of a high-performance hydrogel-skin interface^[20]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2025, John Wiley & Sons; (B) Fabrication schematic of MXene-HA-PBA-TA-PAM hydrogel. Reprinted with permission^[24]. Copyright 2024, John Wiley & Sons; (C) Preparation process of TA-NaCl-PAM hydrogel. Reprinted with permission^[17]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (D) Schematic illustration of PVA-PVP-PDA NP hydrogel preparation. Reprinted with permission^[19]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (E) Repeatable adhesion behavior of the PVA-PVP-PDA NP hydrogel on porcine skin, copper, and glass surfaces^[19]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (F) Interfacial impedance comparison among commercial gel electrodes, PVA-PVP-PDA hydrogel electrodes, and PDA NP-loaded PVA-PVP hydrogels over 1-100 Hz^[19]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (G) Schematic of the preparation process for the PGEH^[25]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature; (H) Comparison of SNR among the three electrodes during long-term EMG monitoring^[25]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature. HA-PBA: Phenylboronic acid-grafted hyaluronic acid; TA: tannic acid; PAM: polyacrylamide; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone; PDA: polydopamine; NP: nanoparticle; PGEH: polyacrylamide/gelatin/EGaIn hydrogel; SNR: signal-to-noise ratio; EMG: electromyograms; EEG: electroencephalograms; AM: acrylamide; MBA: N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide; APS: ammonium persulfate.