fig2

Figure 2. Complementary roles of traditional IT security and control-oriented security in a feedback loop. Traditional IT security mainly protects the communication and computing infrastructure. Control-oriented security is distributed across perception, transmission, decision-making, and execution, and exploits physical dynamics, observers, and resilient controllers to preserve stability, performance, and safety. IT: Information technology; IDS/IPS: intrusion detection system/intrusion prevention system; RL: reinforcement learning; FTC: fault-tolerant control; SMC: sliding mode control.