fig4

Figure 4. Spatial modeling and data completion of ionospheric TEC with DL frameworks. GAN: Generative adversarial network; DCGAN: deep convolutional generative adversarial network; SNP-GAN: spectral normalized patch generative adversarial network; AOT-GAN: aggregated contextual-transformation generative adversarial network; GLGAN: Global and Local GAN; RFGAN: a deep learning hybrid model; TEC: total electron content; DL: deep learning.