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Figure 7. Endogenous IL-32 promoted glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. (A-D) IL-32 knockdown led to a marked reduction in glioma cell proliferation, while its overexpression significantly enhanced proliferation, confirming its pro-tumorigenic role; (E and F) IL-32 knockdown significantly impaired glioma cell migration, whereas overexpression of IL-32 greatly enhanced migratory ability, as demonstrated in representative images; (G and H) IL-32 knockdown markedly reduced the invasive potential of glioma cells, whereas overexpression promoted invasion, further supporting its role in glioma progression. Representative images illustrate these findings. **, P < 0.01. IL-32: Interleukin-32. Scale bar, 100 μm. DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.