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Figure 4. Association of IL-32 with immune checkpoints in glioma. Our analysis identified significant positive correlations between IL-32 expression and multiple key immune checkpoint molecules in glioma, suggesting a potential role for IL-32 in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment. These findings were consistently observed across three independent glioma cohorts: (A) TCGA, (B) CGGA, and (C) REMBRANDT. ns: not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001. IL-32: Interleukin-32; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; CGGA: Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas.