fig2

Figure 2. Functional characterization of IL-32 in glioma. (A) The mesenchymal GBM subtype exhibited markedly higher IL-32 levels compared to other molecular classifications; (B) IL-32 levels showed a positive association with the stromal score and immune score, suggesting its potential role in modulating the glioma immune microenvironment; (C) Using the CIBERSORTx pipeline, we assessed the correlation between IL-32 expression and the infiltration levels of 22 immune cell types in the glioma microenvironment. Notably, IL-32 expression showed the strongest positive correlation with M2 macrophages, indicating a potential role in promoting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. ns: not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ****, P < 0.0001. IL-32: Interleukin-32; GBM: glioblastoma; WHO: World Health Organization; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; CGGA: Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas; PRS: primary-recurrent-secondary; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase.