fig1
Figure 1. IL-32 expression and prognostic significance in glioma. (A) Box plots show IL-32 expression differences across various cancers and matched normal tissues. IL-32 expression is significantly higher in low-grade glioma and GBM than in normal brain tissue; (B) IL-32 mRNA levels progressively increased with WHO glioma grade across three independent datasets (TCGA, CGGA, and REMBRANDT); (C) Immunohistochemical staining confirms the highest IL-32 protein expression in GBM, with the lowest expression in normal cerebral cortex tissue. Reproduced from the Human Protein Atlas under the CC BY 4.0 International License (Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000008517-IL32/tissue/cerebral+cortex#img, https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000008517-IL32/cancer/glioma#img); (D) Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the TCGA, CGGA, and REMBRANDT cohorts demonstrated significantly worse overall survival in glioma patients with high IL-32 expression; (E) Waterfall plots depict the mutational landscape of the top 20 most frequently mutated genes associated with IL-32 in glioma. Notably, no mutations in IL-32 were detected in glioma samples. ns: not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001. IL-32: Interleukin-32; GBM: glioblastoma; WHO: World Health Organization; ACC: Adrenocortical carcinoma; BLCA: bladder urothelial carcinoma; BRCA: breast invasive carcinoma; CESC: cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma; CHOL: cholangiocarcinoma; COAD: colon adenocarcinoma; DLBC: lymphoid neoplasm diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; ESCA: esophageal carcinoma; HNSC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; KICH: kidney chromophobe; KIRP: kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; LAML: acute myeloid leukemia; LGG: brain lower grade glioma; LIHC: liver hepatocellular carcinoma; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: lung squamous cell carcinoma; OV: ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma; PAAD: pancreatic adenocarcinoma; PCPG: pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; PRAD: prostate adenocarcinoma; READ: rectum adenocarcinoma; SARC: sarcoma; SKCM: skin cutaneous melanoma; STAD: stomach adenocarcinoma; TGCT: testicular germ cell tumors; THCA: thyroid carcinoma; THYM: thymoma; UCEC: uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma; UCS: uterine carcinosarcoma; TCGA: the cancer genome atlas; CGGA: Chinese glioma genome atlas; KIRC: kidney renal clear cell carcinoma.
