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Figure 2. (A) Clinical utilities of liquid biopsy for non-invasive cancer diagnostics. Biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), as well as cancer-associated proteins, antigens, enzymes, and hormones can be identified in blood and other body fluids. Compared to conventional tissue biopsies, liquid biopsy provides a safe, less invasive alternative that allows the detection of genetic alterations, transcriptional signatures, and molecular abnormalities linked to disease progression. This strategy plays an increasingly significant role in early cancer detection and personalized therapeutic decision-making^[54]. (B) Application of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics in advancing breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Illustration of digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis acquisition. Breast tissues that are only separated vertically in the mammography look overlaid, decreasing sensitivity and specificity. In digital breast tomosynthesis, this distortion is mitigated by reconstructing a pseudo-3D image from many projections, each collected with the X-ray source positioned at a different angle.