REFERENCES
1. Van Hoogstraten LMC, Vrieling A, Van Der Heijden AG, Kogevinas M, Richters A, Kiemeney LA. Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20:287-304.
2. Terashima M, Nakayama K, Shirai S, et al. Diverging global incidence trends of early-onset cancers: comparisons with incidence trends of later-onset cancers and mortality trends of early-onset cancers. Military Med Res. 2025;12:79.
3. Liu B, Zhou H, Tan L, Siu KTH, Guan X. Exploring treatment options in cancer: tumor treatment strategies. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:175.
4. Cuprych-Belter M, Łupicka-Słowik A, Anisiewicz A, Michaelis M, Cinatl Jr J, Psurski M. Distinct adaptive strategies to cisplatin, vinblastine and gemcitabine in a panel of chemoresistant bladder cancer cell lines. Cancer Drug Resist. 2025;8:49.
5. Liu M, Yang J, Xu B, Zhang X. Tumor metastasis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions. MedComm. 2021;2:587-617.
6. Yu J, Yu L. A decade of migrasome research: biogenesis, physiological functions, and disease implications. Cell Res. 2025;35:629-41.
7. Tan Z, Yang C, Fu S, et al. Migrasomes, critical players in intercellular communication. Cancer Cell Int. 2025;25:113.
8. Jiao H, Yu L. Migrasomes: biogenesis, physiological roles, and therapeutic potentials. J Cell Biol. 2024;223:e202403051.
9. Jiao H, Li X, Li Y, et al. Localized, highly efficient secretion of signaling proteins by migrasomes. Cell Res. 2024;34:572-85.
10. Mattick JS, Amaral PP, Carninci P, et al. Long non-coding RNAs: definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2023;24:430-47.
11. Wu Y, Chen Z, Lee J, Zengin G, Li MY. Circular RNAs: epigenetic puppeteers pulling the strings of cancer pathogenesis. Med Bull. 2026;2:124-36.
12. Si J, Liang C, Zhang X, et al. LINC00922: a critical oncogenic long non-coding RNA involved in cancer progression, chemotherapy resistance, and microRNA regulation. Med Adv. 2025;3:65-79.
13. Li X, Zhang Z, Liu M, et al. Establishment of a lncRNA-based prognostic gene signature associated with altered immune responses in HCC. Front Immunol. 2022;13:880288.
14. Jafari M, Guan Y, Wedge DC, Ansari-Pour N. Re-evaluating experimental validation in the Big Data Era: a conceptual argument. Genome Biol. 2021;22:71.
15. Ye B, Fan J, Xue L, et al. iMLGAM: integrated machine learning and genetic algorithm‐driven multiomics analysis for pan‐cancer immunotherapy response prediction. iMeta. 2025;4:e70011.
16. Mani K, Deng D, Lin C, Wang M, Hsu ML, Zaorsky NG. Causes of death among people living with metastatic cancer. Nat Commun. 2024;15:1519.
17. Ma L, Li Y, Peng J, et al. Discovery of the migrasome, an organelle mediating release of cytoplasmic contents during cell migration. Cell Res. 2014;25:24-38.
18. Shankar J, Nabi IR. Actin cytoskeleton regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition in metastatic cancer cells. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0119954.
19. Zhang J, Cai H, Sun L, et al. LGR5, a novel functional glioma stem cell marker, promotes EMT by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and predicts poor survival of glioma patients. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2018;37:225.
20. Meacham CE, Ho EE, Dubrovsky E, Gertler FB, Hemann MT. In vivo RNAi screening identifies regulators of actin dynamics as key determinants of lymphoma progression. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1133-7.
21. Biber G, Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Barda-Saad M. Actin regulators in cancer progression and metastases: from structure and function to cytoskeletal dynamics. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2020;356:131-96.
22. Iwaya K, Norio K, Mukai K. Coexpression of Arp2 and WAVE2 predicts poor outcome in invasive breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:339-43.
23. Murphy JM, Rodriguez YAR, Jeong K, Ahn EE, Lim SS. Targeting focal adhesion kinase in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52:877-86.
24. Wang C, Zhang S, Liu J, et al. Secreted pyruvate kinase M2 promotes lung cancer metastasis through activating the integrin beta1/FAK signaling pathway. Cell Rep. 2020;30:1780-97.e6.
25. Chen J, Huang X, Wang Q, et al. FAK is involved in invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2010;27:71-82.
26. Jiang D, Jiang Z, Lu D, et al. Migrasomes provide regional cues for organ morphogenesis during zebrafish gastrulation. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:966-77.
27. Zheng Y, Lang Y, Qi B, Wang Y, Gao W, Li T. TSPAN4 is a prognostic and immune target in Glioblastoma multiforme. Front Mol Biosci. 2023;9:1030057.
28. Li Q, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Donald EJ, Li M, Chang AE. In vivo sensitized and in vitro activated B cells mediate tumor regression in cancer adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunol. 2009;183:3195-203.
30. Wu W, Wang X, Le W, et al. Immune microenvironment infiltration landscape and immune-related subtypes in prostate cancer. Front Immunol. 2023;13:1001297.
31. Liu Q, Dong Z, Wang Y, Jin W. Reprogramming neural-tumor crosstalk: emerging therapeutic dimensions and targeting strategies. Military Med Res. 2025;12:73.
32. Naji A, Eitoku M, Favier B, Deschaseaux F, Rouas-Freiss N, Suganuma N. Biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells and clinical implications. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76:3323-48.
33. Lavallee E, Sfakianos JP, Mulholland DJ. Tumor heterogeneity and consequences for bladder cancer treatment. Cancers. 2021;13:5297.
34. Singh SB, Bhandari S, Siwakoti S, et al. PET/CT in the evaluation of CAR-T cell immunotherapy in hematological malignancies. Mol Imaging. 2024;23:15353508241257924.
35. Zhao Y, Shen M, Wu L, et al. Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment: accomplices of tumor progression? Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:587.
36. Zhou T, Yan H, Deng Y, et al. The role of long non‐coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 in cancer‐associated fibroblasts at single cell pan‐cancer level. Interdiscip Med. 2024;2:e20240018.
37. Galland S, Stamenkovic I. Mesenchymal stromal cells in cancer: a review of their immunomodulatory functions and dual effects on tumor progression. J Pathol. 2019;250:555-72.
38. Fathi E, Sanaat Z, Farahzadi R. Mesenchymal stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia: a focus on mechanisms involved and therapeutic concepts. Blood Res. 2019;54:165-74.
39. Kumar S, Singh SK, Rana B, Rana A. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell antitumor efficacy and exhaustion: molecular insights. Drug Discov Today. 2021;26:951-67.
40. Shukla S, Wang C, Beiss V, Steinmetz NF. Antibody response against cowpea mosaic viral nanoparticles improves in situ vaccine efficacy in ovarian cancer. ACS Nano. 2020;14:2994-3003.
41. Zhang L, Zhao L, Lin X, et al. Comparison of tumor non-specific and PD-L1 specific imaging by near-infrared fluorescence/cerenkov luminescence dual-modality in-situ imaging. Mol Imaging. 2024;23:15353508241261473.
42. Li AQ, Fang JH. Anti‐angiogenic therapy enhances cancer immunotherapy: mechanism and clinical application. Interdiscip Med. 2024;2:e20230025.
43. Luo Y, He X, Du Q, et al. Metal‐based smart nanosystems in cancer immunotherapy. Exploration. 2024;4:20230134.
44. Wang J, Liao Z. Research progress of microrobots in tumor drug delivery. Food Med Homol. 2024;1:9420025.
45. Wan G, Huang JD, Xu RH, Jin M. Advances and challenges in pluripotent stem cell‐based whole‐cell vaccines for cancer treatment. Med Bull. 2025;1:60-76.
46. Wu Y, Liang J, Liang Y, Zengin G, Miao H, Li M. Unveiling the frontiers of self-assembled chinese herbal medicines nanodrugs in cancer therapy: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and insights into emerging vesicle-based strategies. Nano TransMed. 2026;5:100115.
47. Sharma R, Malviya R. Modifying the electrical, optical, and magnetic properties of cancer cells: A comprehensive approach for cancer management. Med Adv. 2024;2:3-19.
48. Song S, Liu Z, Wang Y, Gong B. Human organoids and their application in tumor models, disease modeling, and tissue engineering. Med Bull. 2025;1:17-36.





