REFERENCES
1. Lheureux S, Braunstein M, Oza AM. Epithelial ovarian cancer: evolution of management in the era of precision medicine. CA Cancer J Clin 2019;69:280-304.
3. Boehm KM, Aherne EA, Ellenson L, et al. MSK MIND Consortium. Multimodal data integration using machine learning improves risk stratification of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Nat Cancer 2022;3:723-33.
4. Cancer of the ovary - cancer stat facts. SEER. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html. [Last accessed on 15 Nov 2023].
5. Elsherif S, Javadi S, Viswanathan C, Faria S, Bhosale P. Low-grade epithelial ovarian cancer: what a radiologist should know. Br J Radiol 2019;92:20180571.
6. Tossetta G. Metformin improves ovarian cancer sensitivity to paclitaxel and platinum-based drugs: a review of in vitro findings. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:12893.
7. Hollis RL, Gourley C. Genetic and molecular changes in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2016;13:236-47.
8. Elkafas H, Walls M, Al-Hendy A, Ismail N. Gut and genital tract microbiomes: dysbiosis and link to gynecological disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022;12:1059825.
9. Łaniewski P, Ilhan ZE, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. The microbiome and gynaecological cancer development, prevention and therapy. Nat Rev Urol 2020;17:232-50.
10. Mirza MR, Coleman RL, González-Martín A, et al. The forefront of ovarian cancer therapy: update on PARP inhibitors. Ann Oncol 2020;31:1148-59.
11. Haunschild CE, Tewari KS. Bevacizumab use in the frontline, maintenance and recurrent settings for ovarian cancer. Future Oncol 2020;16:225-46.
12. Pujade-Lauraine E, Banerjee S, Pignata S. Management of platinum-resistant, relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer and new drug perspectives. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:2437-48.
13. Banerjee S, Drapkin R, Richardson DL, Birrer M. Targeting NaPi2b in ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2023;112:102489.
14. Garcia J, Hurwitz HI, Sandler AB, et al. Bevacizumab (Avastin®) in cancer treatment: a review of 15 years of clinical experience and future outlook. Cancer Treat Rev 2020;86:102017.
15. Borella F, Carosso AR, Cosma S, et al. Gut microbiota and gynecological cancers: a summary of pathogenetic mechanisms and future directions. ACS Infect Dis 2021;7:987-1009.
16. Armstrong DK, Alvarez RD, Backes FJ, et al. NCCN Guidelines® insights: ovarian cancer, version 3. 2022. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022;20:972-80.
17. Coleridge SL, Bryant A, Lyons TJ, Goodall RJ, Kehoe S, Morrison J. Chemotherapy versus surgery for initial treatment in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;2019:CD005343.
18. Yang L, Xie HJ, Li YY, Wang X, Liu XX, Mai J. Molecular mechanisms of platinum-based chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer (review). Oncol Rep 2022;47:82.
19. Richardson DL, Eskander RN, O'Malley DM. Advances in ovarian cancer care and unmet treatment needs for patients with platinum resistance: a narrative review. JAMA Oncol 2023;9:851-9.
20. Zhao LY, Mei JX, Yu G, et al. Role of the gut microbiota in anticancer therapy: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023;8:201.
21. Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019;76:473-93.
22. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2001;345:784-9.
23. Zampino R, Pisaturo MA, Cirillo G, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic HBV-HCV co-infection is correlated to fibrosis and disease duration. Ann Hepatol 2015;14:75-82.
24. Kostic AD, Gevers D, Pedamallu CS, et al. Genomic analysis identifies association of fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 2012;22:292-8.
25. Sadrekarimi H, Gardanova ZR, Bakhshesh M, et al. Emerging role of human microbiome in cancer development and response to therapy: special focus on intestinal microflora. J Transl Med 2022;20:301.
26. Lin HW, Tu YY, Lin SY, et al. Risk of ovarian cancer in women with pelvic inflammatory disease: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:900-4.
27. Idahl A, Lundin E, Jurstrand M, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma genitalium plasma antibodies in relation to epithelial ovarian tumors. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011;2011:824627.
28. Idahl A, Le Cornet C, González Maldonado S, et al. Serologic markers of chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted infections and subsequent ovarian cancer risk: results from the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 2020;147:2042-52.
29. Rasmussen CB, Jensen A, Albieri V, Andersen KK, Kjaer SK. Increased risk of borderline ovarian tumors in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Gynecol Oncol 2016;143:346-51.
30. Fortner RT, Terry KL, Bender N, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: results from the Nurses' Health Studies. Br J Cancer 2019;120:855-60.
31. Shanmughapriya S, Senthilkumar G, Vinodhini K, Das BC, Vasanthi N, Natarajaseenivasan K. Viral and bacterial aetiologies of epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012;31:2311-7.
32. Round JL, Lee SM, Li J, et al. The toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota. Science 2011;332:974-7.
33. Rutkowski MR, Stephen TL, Svoronos N, et al. Microbially driven TLR5-dependent signaling governs distal malignant progression through tumor-promoting inflammation. Cancer Cell 2015;27:27-40.
34. Fang Y, Yan C, Zhao Q, et al. The association between gut microbiota, toll-like receptors, and colorectal cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2022;16:11795549221130549.
35. Le Noci V, Bernardo G, Bianchi F, Tagliabue E, Sommariva M, Sfondrini L. Toll like receptors as sensors of the tumor microbial dysbiosis: implications in cancer progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:732192.
36. Couturier-Maillard A, Secher T, Rehman A, et al. NOD2-mediated dysbiosis predisposes mice to transmissible colitis and colorectal cancer. J Clin Invest 2013;123:700-11.
37. Zhou B, Sun C, Huang J, et al. The biodiversity composition of microbiome in ovarian carcinoma patients. Sci Rep 2019;9:1691.
38. Browning L, Patel MR, Horvath EB, Tawara K, Jorcyk CL. IL-6 and ovarian cancer: inflammatory cytokines in promotion of metastasis. Cancer Manag Res 2018;10:6685-93.
39. Savant SS, Sriramkumar S, O'Hagan HM. The role of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in the development, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancers 2018;10:251.
40. Ghanavati R, Akbari A, Mohammadi F, et al. Lactobacillus species inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer progression through modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2020;470:1-13.
41. Chung L, Thiele Orberg E, Geis AL, et al. Bacteroides fragilis toxin coordinates a pro-carcinogenic inflammatory cascade via targeting of colonic epithelial cells. Cell Host Microbe 2018;23:203-14.e5.
42. Suriano F, Nyström EEL, Sergi D, Gustafsson JK. Diet, microbiota, and the mucus layer: the guardians of our health. Front Immunol 2022;13:953196.
43. Lupi LA, Cucielo MS, Silveira HS, et al. The role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers. Life Sci 2020;247:117435.
44. Kelly MG, Alvero AB, Chen R, et al. TLR-4 signaling promotes tumor growth and paclitaxel chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:3859-68.
45. Szajnik M, Szczepanski MJ, Czystowska M, et al. TLR4 signaling induced by lipopolysaccharide or paclitaxel regulates tumor survival and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2009;28:4353-63.
46. Zandi Z, Kashani B, Poursani EM, et al. TLR4 blockade using TAK-242 suppresses ovarian and breast cancer cells invasion through the inhibition of extracellular matrix degradation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Eur J Pharmacol 2019;853:256-63.
48. Peters BA, Lin J, Qi Q, et al. Menopause is associated with an altered gut microbiome and estrobolome, with implications for adverse cardiometabolic risk in the hispanic community health study/study of latinos. mSystems 2022;7:e0027322.
49. Cheng H, Wang Z, Cui L, et al. Opportunities and challenges of the human microbiome in ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2020;10:163.
50. Brewster WR, Burkett WC, Ko EM, Bae-Jump V, Nicole McCoy A, Keku TO. An evaluation of the microbiota of the upper reproductive tract of women with and without epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2022;42:101017.
51. Miao R, Badger TC, Groesch K, et al. Assessment of peritoneal microbial features and tumor marker levels as potential diagnostic tools for ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2020;15:e0227707.
53. Asangba AE, Chen J, Goergen KM, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic potential of the microbiome in ovarian cancer treatment response. Sci Rep 2023;13:730.
54. Nené NR, Reisel D, Leimbach A, et al. Association between the cervicovaginal microbiome, BRCA1 mutation status, and risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control study. Lancet Oncol 2019;20:1171-82.
55. Chen L, Zhai Y, Wang Y, et al. Altering the microbiome inhibits tumorigenesis in a mouse model of oviductal high-grade serous carcinoma. Cancer Res 2021;81:3309-18.
56. Jacobson D, Moore K, Gunderson C, et al. Shifts in gut and vaginal microbiomes are associated with cancer recurrence time in women with ovarian cancer. PeerJ 2021;9:e11574.
57. Wang Z, Qin X, Hu D, et al. Akkermansia supplementation reverses the tumor-promoting effect of the fecal microbiota transplantation in ovarian cancer. Cell Rep 2022;41:111890.
58. Pflug N, Kluth S, Vehreschild JJ, et al. Efficacy of antineoplastic treatment is associated with the use of antibiotics that modulate intestinal microbiota. Oncoimmunology 2016;5:e1150399.
59. Chambers LM, Esakov Rhoades EL, Bharti R, et al. Disruption of the gut microbiota confers cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2022;82:4654-69.
60. Chambers LM, Kuznicki M, Yao M, et al. Impact of antibiotic treatment during platinum chemotherapy on survival and recurrence in women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2020;159:699-705.
61. Chambers LM, Michener CM, Rose PG, Reizes O, Yao M, Vargas R. Impact of antibiotic treatment on immunotherapy response in women with recurrent gynecologic cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2021;161:211-20.
62. Routy B, Le Chatelier E, Derosa L, et al. Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Science 2018;359:91-7.
63. Viaud S, Saccheri F, Mignot G, et al. The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science 2013;342:971-6.
64. Pinato DJ, Howlett S, Ottaviani D, et al. Association of prior antibiotic treatment with survival and response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with cancer. JAMA Oncol 2019;5:1774-8.
65. Gopalakrishnan V, Spencer CN, Nezi L, et al. Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science 2018;359:97-103.
66. Abdel-rahman O, Ghosh S, Walker J. Outcomes of metastatic colorectal cancer patients in relationship to prior and concurrent antibiotics use; individual patient data analysis of three clinical trials. Clin Transl Oncol 2020;22:1651-6.
67. D’amico F, Perrone AM, Rampelli S, et al. Gut microbiota dynamics during chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer patients are related to therapeutic outcome. Cancers 2021;13:3999.
68. Spakowicz D, Hoyd R, Muniak M, et al. Inferring the role of the microbiome on survival in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: causal modeling, timing, and classes of concomitant medications. BMC Cancer 2020;20:383.
69. Iida N, Dzutsev A, Stewart CA, et al. Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science 2013;342:967-70.
70. Yin B, Wang X, Yuan F, Li Y, Lu P. Research progress on the effect of gut and tumor microbiota on antitumor efficacy and adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs. Front Microbiol 2022;13:899111.
71. Ma W, Mao Q, Xia W, Dong G, Yu C, Jiang F. Gut microbiota shapes the efficiency of cancer therapy. Front Microbiol 2019;10:1050.
72. Rea D, Coppola G, Palma G, et al. Microbiota effects on cancer: from risks to therapies. Oncotarget 2018;9:17915-27.
73. Wilkinson EM, Ilhan ZE, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Microbiota-drug interactions: impact on metabolism and efficacy of therapeutics. Maturitas 2018;112:53-63.
74. Lin C, Cai X, Zhang J, et al. Role of gut microbiota in the development and treatment of colorectal cancer. Digestion 2019;100:72-8.
75. Chambers LM, Bussies P, Vargas R, et al. The microbiome and gynecologic cancer: current evidence and future opportunities. Curr Oncol Rep 2021;23:92.
76. Mahdi H, Chelariu-Raicu A, Slomovitz BM. Immunotherapy in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2023;33:351-57.
77. Disis ML, Adams SF, Bajpai J, et al. Society for immunotherapy of cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of gynecologic cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2023;11:e006624.
78. Baek MH, Park EY, Ha HI, et al. Secondary cytoreductive surgery in platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2022;40:1659-70.
79. Clair KH, Wolford J, Zell JA, Bristow RE. Surgical management of gynecologic cancers. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2021;30:69-88.
80. Chang SJ, Hodeib M, Chang J, Bristow RE. Survival impact of complete cytoreduction to no gross residual disease for advanced-stage ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2013;130:493-98.
81. Tong J, Zhang X, Fan Y, et al. Changes of intestinal microbiota in ovarian cancer patients treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer Manag Res 2020;12:8125-35.
82. Alam Z, Shang X, Effat K, et al. The potential role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in adjuvant cancer therapy especially colorectal cancer. J Food Biochem 2022;46:e14302.
83. Huang F, Li S, Chen W, et al. Postoperative probiotics administration attenuates gastrointestinal complications and gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients. Nutrients 2023;15:356.
84. Pitsillides L, Pellino G, Tekkis P, Kontovounisios C. The effect of perioperative administration of probiotics on colorectal cancer surgery outcomes. Nutrients 2021;13:1451.
85. Zhang LM, Schuitevoerder D, White MG, et al. Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation is associated with prolonged recurrence-free survival following surgery for colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2021;124:1106-14.
86. Spencer CN, McQuade JL, Gopalakrishnan V, et al. Dietary fiber and probiotics influence the gut microbiome and melanoma immunotherapy response. Science 2021;374:1632-40.
87. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014;505:559-63.
88. Dizman N, Hsu J, Bergerot PG, et al. Randomized trial assessing impact of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiome and clinical outcome from targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2021;10:79-86.
89. Baruch EN, Youngster I, Ben-Betzalel G, et al. Fecal microbiota transplant promotes response in immunotherapy-refractory melanoma patients. Science 2021;371:602-9.
90. Ahrén IL, Bjurberg M, Steineck G, Bergmark K, Jeppsson B. Decreasing the adverse effects in pelvic radiation therapy: a randomized controlled trial evaluating the use of probiotics. Adv Radiat Oncol 2023;8:101089.
91. Davar D, Dzutsev AK, McCulloch JA, et al. Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients. Science 2021;371:595-602.
92. Garczyk A, Kaliciak I, Drogowski K, et al. Influence of probiotics in prevention and treatment of patients who undergo chemotherapy or/and radiotherapy and suffer from mucositis, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea and vomiting. J Clin Med 2022;11:3412.
93. Abdolalipour E, Mahooti M, Salehzadeh A, et al. Evaluation of the antitumor immune responses of probiotic bifidobacterium bifidum in human papillomavirus-induced tumor model. Microb Pathog 2020;145:104207.
94. del Giglio A, Atui FC. Fecal transplantation in patient with metastatic melanoma refractory to immunotherapy: a case report. World J Clin Cases 2023;11:5830-4.
95. Mahdy MS, Azmy AF, Dishisha T, et al. Irinotecan-gut microbiota interactions and the capability of probiotics to mitigate irinotecan-associated toxicity. BMC Microbiol 2023;23:53.
96. Gu J, Ahn-Jarvis JH, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK, Vodovotz Y. Characterization of black raspberry functional food products for cancer prevention human clinical trials. J Agric Food Chem 2014;62:3997-4006.
97. Xu M, Zhong F, Zhu J. Evaluating metabolic response to light exposure in lactobacillus species via targeted metabolic profiling. J Microbiol Methods 2017;133:14-9.
98. Chen J, Zhao KN, Vitetta L. Effects of intestinal microbial-elaborated butyrate on oncogenic signaling pathways. Nutrients 2019;11:1026.
99. Donohoe DR, Holley D, Collins LB, et al. A gnotobiotic mouse model demonstrates that dietary fiber protects against colorectal tumorigenesis in a microbiota- and butyrate-dependent manner. Cancer Discov 2014;4:1387-97.
100. Arpaia N, Campbell C, Fan X, et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature 2013;504:451-5.
101. Beyaz S, Chung C, Mou H, et al. Dietary suppression of MHC class II expression in intestinal epithelial cells enhances intestinal tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2021;28:1922-35.e5.
102. Morton M, Patterson J, Sciuva J, et al. Malnutrition, sarcopenia, and cancer cachexia in gynecologic cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2023;175:142-55.
103. Polen-de C, Fadadu P, Weaver AL, et al. Quality is more important than quantity: pre-operative sarcopenia is associated with poor survival in advanced ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2022;32:1289-96.
104. Seebacher V, Rockall A, Nobbenhuis M, et al. The impact of nutritional risk factors and sarcopenia on survival in patients treated with pelvic exenteration for recurrent gynaecological malignancy: a retrospective cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022;305:1343-52.
105. Rinninella E, Fagotti A, Cintoni M, et al. Skeletal muscle mass as a prognostic indicator of outcomes in ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020;30:654-63.
106. Bekos C, Grimm C, Gensthaler L, et al. The pretreatment controlling nutritional status score in ovarian cancer: influence on prognosis, surgical outcome, and postoperative complication rate. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2022;82:59-67.
107. Wang Y, Zhang Y, Lane NE, et al. Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals altered gut microbiome in sarcopenia: data from the Xiangya Sarcopenia Study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022;13:2340-51.
108. Jiang Y, Guo C, Zhang D, Zhang J, Wang X, Geng C. The altered tight junctions: an important gateway of bacterial translocation in cachexia patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014;34:518-25.
109. About the SEER registries. SEER. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/registries/index.html. [Last accessed on 15 Nov 2023].
