fig4

Figure 4. Decision-making framework for application-driven TED design. Schematic illustration of a constraint-driven design flow that maps key application requirements (temperature gradient, device footprint, mechanical flexibility, and target power density) onto the geometric design space enabled by screen printing (lateral resolution and thickness). This mapping facilitates the rational selection of film-based or bulk-like architectures, together with appropriate processing strategies and interfacial engineering approaches. IoT: ΔT: temperature difference; TED: thermoelectric device.