fig1

Figure 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the synthesis; (B) FT-IR spectra of PVA, AAm, and PPPM-E; (C and D) XPS spectra of PVA, AAm, and PPPM-E, (C) N 1s, (D) C 1s; (E-H) SEM images of PVA, PPP, PPPM, and PPPM-E; (I) Surface elemental mapping of PPPM-E. The scale bar shown in the first figure I applies to the remaining figures in panel I. FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; AAm: acrylamide; PPPM-E: enhanced-PVA/PAAm/PEDOT:PSS/MgCl₂; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; PPP: PVA/PAAm/PEDOT:PSS; UV: ultraviolet; PAAm: polyacrylamide; PEDOT:PSS: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate).