fig5

Figure 5. Conceptual roadmap for future MOF-enabled nanomedicine and organoid-based bioengineering systems. A closed-loop translational pipeline integrating organoid platforms, OOC technologies, and AI-driven modeling to support systematic MOF evaluation and design, supporting both safe MOF-based drug delivery and the emerging integration into organoid-based structured bioengineering systems. MOF: Metal–organic framework; OOC: organoid-on-chips; AI: artificial intelligence; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; TEER: transepithelial electrical resistance; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase.