fig4

Figure 4. Schematic illustration of piezoelectric pressure sensors based on electrospun fiber membranes: (A) step-by-step preparation of sensors^[147]; (B) piezoelectric mechanism; (C) human body motion detection and recognition using electrospun piezoelectric sensors - PVDF-DA^[137], PVDF-CNC-MXene^[148], PVDF/ZnO/MWCNT^[149], and PVDF-rGO-MWCNT-AgNW^[150]. Reproduced with permission from: Biswajit et al., Materials Today Nano, 2023 [Elsevier]; Junpeng et al., Advanced Fiber Materials, 2024 [Springer Nature]; Yan et al., International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025 [Elsevier]; Chuanming et al., Organic Electronics, 2025 [Elsevier]; Ravinder et al., Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2025 [Royal Society of Chemistry]. PVDF-DA: Polyvinylidene fluoride/dopamine; CNC: cellulose nonocrystal; MWCNT: multi-walled carbon nanotube; rGO: reduced graphene oxide; AgNW: Ag nanowire; P(VDF-TrFE): poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene); BT: barium titanate; PANI: polyaniline; PA-PENG: polyaniline-piezoelectric nanogenerator.