fig6

Figure 6. Chemical propulsion and other actuation technologies for GI soft robots. (A) Effervescent chemical reaction in rocket-like micromotors generates gas bubbles for self-propelled oral drug delivery in vivo. Reprinted with permission from^[163]. Copyright 2023, Wiley‐VCH; (B) Catalytic degradation of P@G@NG releases NO in a multistage sequence along the GI tract to target colitis and modulate intestinal microbiota. Reprinted with permission from^[167]. Copyright 2024, Wiley‐VCH; (C) Water-absorption-driven barbed microneedles swell and retain in tissue under peristaltic forces, with layered barb geometry optimizing retention strength. Reprinted with permission from^[139]. Copyright 2024, American Association for the Advancement of Science; (D) Biohybrid algae-macrophage nanoparticle robots combine self-propulsion and immune cell targeting to treat inflammatory colitis, modified from (Modified from^[174]). Created with BioRender.com. GI: Gastrointestinal.