fig3

Figure 3. Electrical performance of the IBTS. (A) Output voltage comparisons for different structural configurations; (B) Output voltage of the sensor as a function of excitation frequency; (C) Relationship between output voltage and applied pressure; (D) Output performance for different conditions, including continuous airflow, 200 cycles of folding, and torsion beyond 200 degrees; (E) Response time characterization of the sensor; (F) Output voltage variations under different bending radii (1, 2, and 3 cm); (G) Detection of ultra-low pressures: A stable electrical signal was recorded when a 0.02 g grain of rice was placed on and removed from the sensor; (H) Mechanical durability test for 6,000 cycles of loading and unloading pressure. IBTS: Island-bridge microstructured triboelectric sensor.