fig1

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of damage-free dry transfer printing for ultrathin films. The transfer printing system consists of a donor substrate, ultrathin films, a stamp, and a receiver substrate, where successful transfer depends on the fracture energy competition at interfaces. (A) For pickup, it must satisfy $$ G_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm{film/stamp1}} $$ > $$ G_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm{film/donor}} $$ and G^interface(F) ≥ $$ G_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm{film/donor}} $$; (B) For release, it needs to satisfy $$ G_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm{film/stamp2}} $$ < $$ G_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm{film/receiver}} $$ and G^interface(F) ≥ $$ G_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm{film/stamp2}} $$; (C) To achieve damage-free ultrathin films, the conditions where $$ G_{\mathrm{fracture}}^{\mathrm{interface}} $$ < $$ G_{\mathrm{fracture}}^{\mathrm{film}} $$, $$ G_{\mathrm{crack}}^{\mathrm{film}}(\sigma) $$ < Γ_film, and $$ G_{\mathrm{crack}}^{\mathrm{film}}(\sigma) $$ < Γ_{film/receiver} must be satisfied; otherwise the film will fracture, crack, or delaminate.