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Figure 2. (A) Real-time active rehabilitation system based on dual-modality sensing of muscle force and sEMG^[17]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (B) Antibacterial hydrogel electrodes for prosthetic control in HMI applications: B₁ System operation schematic; B₂ Real-time prosthetic hand control via dual-channel sEMG signals^[34]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society; (C) Throat motion monitoring and rehabilitation using sEMG and accelerometer-based dual-modality sensing: C₁ Cloud-based interface for real-time throat motion tracking; C₂ Classification accuracy of 13 throat movements from two subjects^[29]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature; (D) Continuous attention level assessment system: D₁ Schematic of wireless EEG acquisition system; D₂ Confusion matrix of attention classification results; D₃ Real-time system interface for sustained attention evaluation^[19]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (E) Machine learning-assisted sign language recognition based on sEMG: E₁ CNN-based algorithm framework for sign language translation; E₂ Post-training accuracy/loss curves and confusion matrix for eight sign gestures^[24]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2024, John Wiley & Sons. HMI: Human-machine interaction; sEMG: surface electromyograms; EEG: electroencephalograms; CNN: convolutional neural network.