fig3

Figure 3. Hydrogel actuators based on thermosensitive and light-sensitive polymer matrices. (A) Schematic diagram of deformation of P(AAm-AAc-3-AAPBA)/PNIPAM bilayer hydrogel actuator. Reproduced with permission^[50]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier; (B) Deformation and recovery mechanism of PNIPAM hydrogel actuator based on dynamic disulfide bond crosslinking. Reproduced with permission^[52]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature Publishing Group; (C) Bilayer hydrogel actuator prepared by UCST and LCST polymer matrix. Reproduced with permission^[57]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (D) Light-responsive hydrogel actuators based on spirocyclic compounds. Reproduced with permission^[60]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature Publishing Group; (E) Reversible photodimerization/photocleavage of hydrogel actuator based on coumarin units. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH^[61]. P(AAm-AAc-3-AAPBA): Poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid); PNIPAM: poly(N-isopropylacrylamide); UCST: upper critical solution temperature; LCST: lower critical solution temperature.