fig4

Figure 4. Advanced manufacturing strategies for metal nanozyme-hydrogel systems. (A) Schematic illustration of the preparation of the HS/N-Au@ composite system for the treatment of acute liver failure. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[79]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier; (B) Schematic representation of the surgical procedure. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[80]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier; (C) Schematic illustration of the composition and formation mechanism of the oriented CuTA-CMHT hydrogel. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[81]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier; Figure 4C is reproduced from (Dong, L., 2024) under the CC BY-NC-ND license. No modifications were made; (D) In situ injection of MS@MCL into a rat model to induce local lactate depletion and promote NP regeneration. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[84]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier; Figure 4D is reproduced from (Shen, J., 2022) under the CC BY-NC-ND license. No modifications were made; (E) Fabrication and construction of the heterogeneous SponGel MS, which is inspired by the natural cartilage matrix. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[85]. Copyright 2025, Wiley. CuTA-CMHT: Copper-tannic acid nanozyme and hyaluronic acid-tannic acid composite with carboxymethyl cellulose-methacrylate; MS@MCL: MnO₂-Chitosan-LOX (MCL) nanozyme was abundantly coupled to the porous microspheres via condensation reaction; NP: nanoparticle; SponGel MS: injectable chondroid heterogeneous biphasic microsphere; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; 3D: three-dimensional; hADMSCs: human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; HLCs: hepatocyte-like cells; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; dECM: decellularized extracellular matrix; HS@dECM: hepatocyte spheroids@decellularized extracellular matrix; UV: ultraviolet; IVDD: intervertebral disc degeneration; NPCs: nucleus pulposus cells; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor 1; EGCG: epigallocatechin gallate.