fig3

From: Intelligent fibers and self-powered wearable devices for ophthalmic applications: a frontier review

Figure 3. Miniaturized self-powered strategies for smart ophthalmic fiber. (A) Working principle of a BPCL across different blinking stages (i-iv)^[50]. Copyright 2023, The Author(s); (B) Tear fluid biofuel cell utilizing enzymatic and self-reduction reactions^[15]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier; (C) Schematic of a FDSSC integrated with a light-diffusion and conversion layer^[55]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH; (D) Schematic of a fiber-based device capable of harvesting ambient electromagnetic wave energy and its potential application scenarios; (E) Photograph and (F) exploded view of the SMWSS device. (D-F) are reproduced from Reference^[57]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier. BPCL: Blinking-powered contact lens; FDSSC: fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells; SMWSS: self-powered multi-mechanism wireless sensing scheme; IoT: Internet of Things.