fig6

Figure 6. The applications of ionogels in drug delivery systems. (A) Choline decanoate based ionogel for oral drug delivery. (i) The chC10 1:1 was an IL prepared by salt metathesis reaction between choline bicarbonate and decanoic acid. An extra mole of decanoic acid was added to prepare gel-like sample (chC10 1:2). (ii) PK profile of insulin after intrajejunal administration in rats^[40]. Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (B) CAGE/CPVA gel patch for buccal drug delivery. (i) The design and sandwich structure of patch. (ii) Cumulative penetration of Insulin in the buccal tissue with CAGE/CPVA patch and CPVA patch as delivery vehicle. (iii) The CAGE/CPVA patch showed superior in vivo pharmacodynamic efficacy compared to other tested formulations^[137]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V; (C) CAGE-Pluronic ionogel for transdermal drug delivery. (i) Preparation of CAGE - Pluronic ionogel loaded with vancomycin hydrochloride and the transdermal delivery performance comparison between the intact skin and tape-stripped skin of rats. (ii) Ex vivo skin permeation profile (left) and retention (right) of vancomycin across and within the intact skin and tape-stripped skin^[138]. Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society; (D) The Cu²⁺ loaded gel for local drug delivery. (i) The preparation of the gel and its capability in bacterial killing and tissue regeneration. (ii) The release curve of Cu²⁺ from F-Gel, F-IL-Gel and D-IL-Gel. (iii) The cumulative percentage of Cu²⁺ permeated across the skin after incubation with F-Gel and D-IL-Gel^[139]. Copyright 2025, Royal Society of Chemistry. Statistical significance as stated by ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 or ^****P < 0.0001. chC10 1:1: Choline decanoate 1:1 molar ratio; IL: ionic liquid; PK: pharmacokinetic; CAGE: choline geranate; CPVA: chitosan-modified poly(vinyl alcohol); F-Gel: Gels made by freeze-thaw method without CGLY (IL); F-IL-Gel: Gels made by freeze-thaw method with CGLY (IL); D-IL-Gel: Gels made by drying method with CGLY (IL); CGLY: choline–glycolate; chCl: choline chloride; PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol); DA: dopamine; PDA: polydopamine.