fig3

Figure 3. Self-healing strategies. (A) Schematic illustration of the ultrasensitive self-healing mechanism. Reproduced with permission^[81]. Copyright 2023, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; (B) Illustration of PAA-ACC-LM@TA hierarchical hydrogel and the corresponding self-healing mechanism. Reproduced with permission^[84]. Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society; (C) Self-healing mechanism of PLOD and its electrical conductivity. Reproduced with permission^[89] Copyright 2025, Elsevier B.V. PAA-ACC-LM@TA: Polyacrylic acid–amorphous calcium carbonate–liquid metal–tannic acid; PLOD: the exclusive abbreviation developed in-house for the nanocomposite hydrogel independently synthesized in this study, where P stands for PEDOT:PSS, L stands for LAP, O stands for OEGMA, D stands for DEGMA.