fig12

Figure 12. Novel system integration technology in wearable devices. (A) Concept of BCES for wearable bioelectronics. Reproduced with permission^[318]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature Limited; (B) Schematic illustration of the SWSS based on F-TENG^[319]. Copyright 2024, OAE Publishing Inc.; (C) Wireless networking of implantable devices with wearable metamaterials. Reproduced with permission^[327]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature Limited; (D) Coaxially-shielded textile metamaterial enabled robust near-field BAN. Reproduced with permission^[325]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature Limited; (E) Continuously operating wearable device for powering and communicating with WBF NFC-capable implantable electronics. Reproduced with permission^[330]. Copyright 2025, The American Association for the Advancement of Science; (F) An energy-efficient flexible multi-modal wireless sweat sensing system^[331]. Copyright 2023, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. BCES: Body-coupled electrical stimulation; SWSS: self-powered wireless sensing system; F-TENG: freestanding-mode triboelectric nanogenerator; NBR: nitrile butadiene rubber; LIG: laser-induced graphene; PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene; BAN: body area network; WBF: wireless, battery-free; NFC: near field communication; ISAC: integration of communication and sensing functions; PFA: perfluoroalkoxy; IMCTs: integration of multiple communication technologies; BLE: Bluetooth low energy.