fig3
Figure 3. 4D-printed soft microbots based on LCEs and stimuli-responsive hydrogels. (A) LCE actuation mechanism. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[80]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier; (B) 4D-printed continuous fiber-reinforced LCE composite for programmable folding, high-force actuation, and electrical deformation. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[81]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature; (C) Monolithic LCE robot with snap-trained self-sustained motion for switchable rolling and jumping with light-steered control. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[82]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH; (D) Multi-material LCE lattices with spatially programmed director fields for predictable reversible morphing via inverse design. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[83]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH; (E) Stimuli-responsive hydrogels actuation mechanism. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[77]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH; (F) DLP-printed hydrogel ceramic laminates for dehydration programmed morphing and sintered ceramic architectures. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[86]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature; (G) Thermally reconfigurable micro metastructures using transparent hydrogel artificial muscles for pixel-level information display. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[87]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature; (H) Stimuli-responsive hydrogel blocks assembled with DH parameters for true 3D-to-3D microscale transformers. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[88]. Copyright 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science. 4D: Four-dimensional; LCEs: liquid crystal elastomers; DLP: digital light processing; DH: Denavit–Hartenberg; 3D: three-dimensional; UV: ultraviolet; LC: liquid crystal; AP: acid-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; LP: laser power.
