fig7

Figure 7. Illustration of different printing-based fabrication strategies. (A-C) Diagram and photograph of a fully printed wearable sweat sensor array on PET, featuring integrated electrodes for pH, glucose, alcohol, temperature, and reference measurements. Reproduced with permission^[172]. Copyright 2024, Wiley; (D) Schematic of a multi-material extrusion bioprinter, showing motorized sled for automated syringe selection and nozzle rinsing; (E) Build plate placement into bioink droplet forms a controlled filament layer; (D and E) Reproduced with permission^[186]. Copyright 2021, Springer; (F) Workflow for the laser-printed paper-based analytical device: digital pattern design, laser printing and thermal baking to form fluidic barriers, surface functionalization with silver and gold nanoparticles for atrazine recognition, sample application, and smartphone-based colorimetric readout. Reproduced with permission^[196]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. PET: Polyethylene terephthalate; UV: ultraviolent; μPAD: microfluidic paper-based analytical device; NP: nanoparticle.