fig10

Figure 10. Multimodal biosensing platforms employing orthogonal verification strategies. (A) Schematic illustration of a chemical redox cycling-based dual-mode biosensor for HSP, enabling self-powered PEC and colorimetric detection through a shared redox reaction. Reproduced with permission^[234]. Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society; (B) Schematic of a sensitive competitive nanozyme-linked apta-sorbent assay for the dual-mode detection of OTA, utilizing aptamer-functionalized nanozymes to generate cross-validated signals in complex matrices. Reproduced with permission^[235]. Copyright 2022, Royal Society of Chemistry. HSP: Heat shock protein; BSA: bovine serum albumin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AA: ascorbic acid; DHA: dehydroascorbic acid; TCEP: tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine; AAP: L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate; PEC: photoelectrochemical; ITO: Indium Tin Oxide; NP: nanoparticle; MNP: magnetic nanoparticle; OTA: ochratoxin A; SERS: surface-enhanced Raman scattering; TMB: 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine.