fig1

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of bio-inks and biomaterial inks, and their applications in 3D bioprinting for bone and cartilage repair. (A) Bio-inks are cell-laden printing formulations in which living cells are incorporated during the printing process. In contrast, biomaterial inks are cell-free printable formulations that are shaped first and subsequently cellularized after printing. (Reproduced from Fatimi et al.^[5]. Copyright @ 2022 MDPI) (B) Workflow of 3D bioprinting of hydrogel-based scaffolds for bone and cartilage repair, including pre-processing (hydrogels, stem cells, and growth factors), bioprinting, post-processing (crosslinking), and in vivo application for tissue regeneration. (Reprinted from Yang et al. (2022)^[6]). 3D: Three-dimensional.