REFERENCES
1. Zhang X, Liu J, Ni Y, et al. Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2024;178:800-13.
2. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. [Last accessed on 5 Jun 2026].
3. Yuan C, Dong Y, Chen H, et al. Determinants of childhood obesity in China. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9:e1105-14.
4. Pan XF, Wang L, Pan A. Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:373-92.
5. Song X, Zhou B, Baird S, et al. Trends and predictions to 2030 in demographic structures and metabolic health for children and adolescents in China: analysis of national school health surveys from 2000 to 2019. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2025;9:530-43.
6. Yuan C, Dong Y, Chen H, et al. Public health interventions against childhood obesity in China. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9:e1115-24.
7. Liu P, Zhang M, Li A, et al. Heterogeneity of obesity and its predictive factors: a narrative review of recent human and rodent studies. Obes Rev. 2026;27:e70024.
8. Nelson TD, Stice E. Contextualizing the neural vulnerabilities model of obesity. Nutrients. 2023;15:2988.
9. Carnell S, Thapaliya G, Jansen E, Chen L. Biobehavioral susceptibility for obesity in childhood: Behavioral, genetic and neuroimaging studies of appetite. Physiol Behav. 2023;271:114313.
10. Cortese S, Moreira-Maia CR, St Fleur D, Morcillo-Peñalver C, Rohde LA, Faraone SV. Association between ADHD and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:34-43.
11. Zhu Y, Wang NN, Pan D, Wang S. Risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Obes. 2024;20:119-27.
12. Marcelli I, Capece U, Caturano A. Bridging ADHD and metabolic disorders: insights into shared mechanisms and clinical implications. Diabetology. 2025;6:40.
13. Ayano G, Demelash S, Gizachew Y, Tsegay L, Alati R. The global prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. J Affect Disord. 2023;339:860-6.
14. Liu J, Jiang Z, Li F, et al. Prevalence and comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese school-attending students aged 6-16: a national survey. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2025;24:23.
15. Libutzki B, Ludwig S, May M, Jacobsen RH, Reif A, Hartman CA. Direct medical costs of ADHD and its comorbid conditions on basis of a claims data analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;58:38-44.
16. French B, Nalbant G, Wright H, et al. The impacts associated with having ADHD: an umbrella review. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1343314.
17. Bouchard C. Genetics of obesity: what we have learned over decades of research. Obesity. 2021;29:802-20.
18. Khusainova R, Minniakhmetov I, Vasyukova O, et al. Genetic landscape of obesity in children: research advances and prospects. J Obes. 2025;2025:9186826.
19. Kranz TM, Grimm O. Update on genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current status 2023. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2023;36:257-62.
20. Kleppesto TH, Eilertsen EM, van Bergen E, et al. Intergenerational transmission of ADHD behaviors: genetic and environmental pathways. Psychol Med. 2024;54:1309-17.
21. Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, et al.; ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC), Early Lifecourse & Genetic Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium, 23andMe Research Team. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet. 2019;51:63-75.
22. Seymour KE, Reinblatt SP, Benson L, Carnell S. Overlapping neurobehavioral circuits in ADHD, obesity, and binge eating: evidence from neuroimaging research. CNS Spectr. 2015;20:401-11.
23. Hanć T, Cortese S. Attention deficit/hyperactivity-disorder and obesity: a review and model of current hypotheses explaining their comorbidity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;92:16-28.
24. Demontis D, Walters GB, Athanasiadis G, et al.; ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, iPSYCH-Broad Consortium. Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains. Nat Genet. 2023;55:198-208.
25. Bahrami S, Steen NE, Shadrin A, et al. Shared genetic loci between body mass index and major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide association study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:503-12.
26. Mota NR, Poelmans G, Klein M, et al. Cross-disorder genetic analyses implicate dopaminergic signaling as a biological link between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and obesity measures. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45:1188-95.
27. Chen Q, Kuja-Halkola R, Sjölander A, et al. Shared familial risk factors between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and overweight/obesity - a population-based familial coaggregation study in Sweden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58:711-8.
28. Khazdouz M, Safarzadeh R, Hejrani B, et al. The association between junk foods consumption and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025;34:825-34.
29. Pinto S, Correia-de-Sá T, Sampaio-Maia B, Vasconcelos C, Moreira P, Ferreira-Gomes J. Eating patterns and dietary interventions in ADHD: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2022;14:4332.
30. Wang X, Yue X, Wang L, Jia F, Li H. Eating behavior and sleep habit problems and their correlation with symptoms in children with ADHD comorbid with overweight or obesity. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2025;19:99.
31. Mercurio LY, Amanullah S, Gill N, Gjelsvik A. Children with ADHD engage in less physical activity. J Atten Disord. 2021;25:1187-95.
32. Kara K, Kaya Kara O, Kose B, et al. School participation, supports and barriers of children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2025;9:e002917.
33. Xian P, Sheng X, Liu S, Liu Z, Guo X. Sleep dysregulation in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2025;55:e321.
34. Hagenbeek FA, Hirzinger JS, Breunig S, et al. Maximizing the value of twin studies in health and behaviour. Nat Hum Behav. 2023;7:849-60.
35. Karhunen V, Bond TA, Zuber V, et al. The link between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and obesity-related traits: genetic and prenatal explanations. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:455.
36. Liu CY, Schoeler T, Davies NM, et al. Are there causal relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and body mass index? Evidence from multiple genetically informed designs. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50:496-509.
37. Barker ED, Ing A, Biondo F, et al.; IMAGEN Consortium. Do ADHD-impulsivity and BMI have shared polygenic and neural correlates? Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:1019-28.
38. Javaras KN, Munn-Chernoff MA, Diemer EW, et al. Shared genetic factors contributing to the overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and overweight/obesity in Swedish adolescent girls and boys. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2022;25:226-33.
39. Do EK, Haberstick BC, Williams RB, et al. The role of genetic and environmental influences on the association between childhood ADHD symptoms and BMI. Int J Obes. 2019;43:33-42.
40. Zheng Y, Pingault JB, Unger JB, Rijsdijk F. Genetic and environmental influences on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Chinese adolescents: a longitudinal twin study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;29:205-16.
41. Cortese S. The association between ADHD and obesity: intriguing, progressively more investigated, but still puzzling. Brain Sci. 2019;9:256.
42. Zhang S, Huang Y, Zaid M, Tong L. ADHD symptoms and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents: a longitudinal study with abnormal eating behaviors as moderating factors. J Atten Disord. 2022;26:1452-63.
43. Chen TJ, Ji CY, Wang SS, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Chang Z. Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between ADHD symptoms and internalizing problems: a Chinese twin study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2016;171:931-7.
44. Chen TJ, Ji CY, Hu YH. Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipids and the effects of puberty: a Chinese twin study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98:1029-36.
45. Gao W, Li L, Cao W, et al. Determination of zygosity by questionnaire and physical features comparison in Chinese adult twins. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006;9:266-71.
46. CNSSCH Research Group. Report on the 2010 Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health. Beijing: China Higher Education Press; 2012. Available from: https://www.bzfxw.com/soft/sort011/jiankang/800282.html. [Last accessed on 5 Jun 2026].
47. Achenbach TM. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991. Available from: https://archive.org/details/manualforchildbe0000ache_g2r5. [Last accessed on 5 Jun 2026].
48. Leung PW, Kwong SL, Tang CP, et al. Test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the Chinese version of CBCL, TRF, and YSR. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47:970-3.
49. Neale MC, Maes HHM. Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2004. Available from: http://ibgwww.colorado.edu/workshop2006/cdrom/HTML/book2004a.pdf. [Last accessed on 5 Jun 2026].
50. Neale MC. Mx: Statistical Modeling. 6th Edition. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University; 2004.
51. Sullivan PF, Eaves LJ. Evaluation of analyses of univariate discrete twin data. Behav Genet. 2002;32:221-7.
52. O’Hara VM, Curran JL, Browne NT. The co-occurrence of pediatric obesity and ADHD: an understanding of shared pathophysiology and implications for collaborative management. Curr Obes Rep. 2020;9:451-61.
53. Nigg JT, Johnstone JM, Musser ED, Long HG, Willoughby MT, Shannon J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and being overweight/obesity: new data and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;43:67-79.
54. Rodgers RF, Laveway K, Campos P, de Carvalho PHB. Body image as a global mental health concern. Glob Ment Health. 2023;10:e9.
55. Nolan LJ, Higgs S. The role of irrational beliefs in the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and disordered eating in two general student samples. Appetite. 2024;195:107229.
56. Eng AG, Nirjar U, Elkins AR, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the menstrual cycle: Theory and evidence. Horm Behav. 2024;158:105466.
57. Osianlis E, Thomas EHX, Jenkins LM, Gurvich C. ADHD and sex hormones in females: a systematic review. J Atten Disord. 2025;29:706-23.
58. Reed C, Cortese S, Golm D, Brandt V. Longitudinal associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity and weight from birth to adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025;64:1192-200.
59. Babinski DE. Sex differences in ADHD: review and priorities for future research. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2024;26:151-6.
60. Heiskala A, Tucker JD, Choudhary P, et al. Timing based clustering of childhood BMI trajectories reveals differential maturational patterns; Study in the Northern Finland Birth Cohorts 1966 and 1986. Int J Obes. 2025;49:872-80.
61. Knyspel J, Morneau-Vaillancourt G, Eley TC. Using bifactor twin modeling to assess the genetic and environmental dimensionality of adult ADHD symptoms. Behav Genet. 2025;55:1-11.
62. Silventoinen K, Li W, Jelenkovic A, et al. Changing genetic architecture of body mass index from infancy to early adulthood: an individual based pooled analysis of 25 twin cohorts. Int J Obes. 2022;46:1901-9.
63. Rhee SH, Waldman ID. Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Bull. 2002;128:490-529.
