REFERENCES
1. Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73:202-9.
2. Chen YL, Tian S, Wu J, et al. Impact of thyroid function on the prevalence and mortality of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:e434-43.
3. Almomani A, Hitawala AA, Kumar P, et al. Prevalence of hypothyroidism and effect of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study. World J Hepatol. 2022;14:551-8.
4. D’Ambrosio R, Campi I, Maggioni M, et al. The relationship between liver histology and thyroid function tests in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). PLoS One. 2021;16:e0249614.
5. Laclaustra M, Moreno-Franco B, Lou-Bonafonte JM, et al. Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:303-10.
6. Zhou L, Wang Y, Su J, An Y, Liu J, Wang G. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones in euthyroid adults. Nutrients. 2023;15:3697.
7. Zhang X, Chen Y, Ye H, et al. Correlation between thyroid function, sensitivity to thyroid hormones and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in euthyroid subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Endocrine. 2023;80:366-79.
8. Wan H, Yu G, Xu S, et al. Central sensitivity to free triiodothyronine with MAFLD and its progression to liver fibrosis in euthyroid adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:e687-97.
9. de Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2541-51.
10. Patikorn C, Roubal K, Veettil SK, et al. Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2139558.
11. Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;27:1212-21.e3.
12. Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, et al. Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:930-8.
13. Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, et al. Effects of 4- and 6-h time-restricted feeding on weight and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial in adults with obesity. Cell Metab. 2020;32:366-78.e3.
14. Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, et al. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:1534-47.
15. Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: definition and pathology. Semin Liver Dis. 2001;21:3-16.
16. Jospe MR, Roy M, Brown RC, et al. Intermittent fasting, Paleolithic, or Mediterranean diets in the real world: exploratory secondary analyses of a weight-loss trial that included choice of diet and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111:503-14.
17. Dorling JL, Martin CK, Redman LM. Calorie restriction for enhanced longevity: the role of novel dietary strategies in the present obesogenic environment. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;64:101038.
18. Li X, Wu X, Jia Y, et al. Liraglutide decreases liver fat content and serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in newly diagnosed overweight patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Diabetes Res. 2021;2021:3715026.
19. Abu Dayyeh BK, Bazerbachi F, Vargas EJ, et al; MERIT Study Group. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty for treatment of class 1 and 2 obesity (MERIT): a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet. 2022;400:441-51.
20. Lv F, Cai X, Li Y, et al. Sensitivity to thyroid hormone and risk of components of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese euthyroid population. J Diabetes. 2023;15:900-10.
21. Lai S, Li J, Wang Z, Wang W, Guan H. Sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices are closely associated with NAFLD. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:766419.
22. Liu H, Xing Y, Nie Q, Li Z, Meng C, Ma H. Association between sensitivity to thyroid hormones and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in euthyroid subjects: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:2153-63.
23. Li R, Zhou L, Chen C, et al. Sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with advanced fibrosis in euthyroid patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study. Dig Liver Dis. 2023;55:254-61.
24. Holmer M, Lindqvist C, Petersson S, et al. Treatment of NAFLD with intermittent calorie restriction or low-carb high-fat diet - a randomised controlled trial. JHEP Rep. 2021;3:100256.
25. Kord Varkaneh H, Salehi Sahlabadi A, Găman MA, et al. Effects of the 5:2 intermittent fasting diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr. 2022;9:948655.
26. Gallage S, Ali A, Barragan Avila JE, et al. A 5:2 intermittent fasting regimen ameliorates NASH and fibrosis and blunts HCC development via hepatic PPARα and PCK1. Cell Metab. 2024;36:1371-93.e7.
27. Boelen A, Wiersinga WM, Fliers E. Fasting-induced changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Thyroid. 2008;18:123-9.
28. Moro T, Tinsley G, Bianco A, et al. Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. J Transl Med. 2016;14:290.
29. García-Luna C, Prieto I, Soberanes-Chávez P, et al. Effects of intermittent fasting on hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, palatable food intake, and body weight in stressed rats. Nutrients. 2023;15:1164.
30. Domingues-Hajj PMS, Gomes PM, Magalhães PKR, Maciel LMZ. Assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors and insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in resistance to thyroid hormone β syndrome. Thyroid. 2024;34:1038-46.
31. Wei Y, Li X, Cui R, Liu J, Wang G. Associations between sensitivity to thyroid hormones and insulin resistance in euthyroid adults with obesity. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1366830.
32. Brenta G. Why can insulin resistance be a natural consequence of thyroid dysfunction? J Thyroid Res. 2011;2011:152850.
33. Harrison SA, Bashir MR, Guy CD, et al. Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2019;394:2012-24.
34. Bianco AC, Kim BW. Deiodinases: implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:2571-9.
35. Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, et al. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature. 1996;382:250-2.
36. Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2014;94:355-82.
37. Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:367-78.e5; quiz e14.
38. Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Estruch R, et al. Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:1-10.
39. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D; CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:726-32.
40. Patterson RE, Laughlin GA, LaCroix AZ, et al. Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:1203-12.
41. Caussy C, Reeder SB, Sirlin CB, Loomba R. Noninvasive, quantitative assessment of liver fat by MRI-PDFF as an endpoint in NASH trials. Hepatology. 2018;68:763-72.
42. Althubaiti A. Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2016;9:211-7.
43. Fliers E, Klieverik LP, Kalsbeek A. Novel neural pathways for metabolic effects of thyroid hormone. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010;21:230-6.
44. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Bias and causal associations in observational research. Lancet. 2002;359:248-52.
