fig3

Figure 3. Bidirectional relationship between insulin resistance and neurodegeneration. Impaired insulin signaling amplifies amyloid-β deposition and tau aggregation, both of which trigger microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. The resulting neuroinflammatory environment - further intensified by age-associated immunosenescence and inflammaging - feeds back to aggravate neuronal and systemic insulin resistance, creating a self-sustaining cycle of metabolic and neurodegenerative damage^[213] [Created in BioRender. YILMAZ Y. (2025) https://BioRender.com/er2vljj].