fig2

Figure 2. No-reflow associates closely with CMD and MVO. MVO is a more severe condition than CMD, which occurs when microemboli (black block) form clogs in microvessels with inflammation, platelet aggregation and endothelial dysfunction. MVO always led to micro-infarcts (black shadow) and intramyocardial hemorrhage, which in turn aggravate MVO to form a vicious cycle^[35]. CMD and MVO may result in no-reflow due to microvascular structural changes (including capillary rarefaction, endothelial dysfunction and endothelial inflammation) and microembolization (obstructive microemboli and platelet aggregation). CMD: Coronary microvascular dysfunction; MVO: microvascular obstruction; NO: nitric oxide, ET: endothelin, eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase.