REFERENCES
1. Suzuki A, Henao R, Reed MC, et al. Lower hepatic CBS and PEMT expression in advanced NAFLD: inferencing strategies to lower homocysteine with a mathematical model. Metab Target Organ Damage. 2024;4:21.
2. Finkelstein JD. The metabolism of homocysteine: pathways and regulation. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:S40-4.
3. Blom HJ, Smulders Y. Overview of homocysteine and folate metabolism. With special references to cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34:75-81.
4. da Silva RP, Eudy BJ, Deminice R. One-carbon metabolism in fatty liver disease and fibrosis: one-carbon to rule them all. J Nutr. 2020;150:994-1003.
5. Tripathi M, Singh BK, Zhou J, et al. Vitamin B12 and folate decrease inflammation and fibrosis in NASH by preventing syntaxin 17 homocysteinylation. J Hepatol. 2022;77:1246-55.
6. Yuan S, Chen J, Dan L, et al. Homocysteine, folate, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization investigation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116:1595-609.
7. Sarna LK, Siow YL, O K. The CBS/CSE system: a potential therapeutic target in NAFLD? Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2015;93:1-11.
8. Kotani K, Watanabe J, Miura K, Gugliucci A. Paraoxonase 1 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. Molecules. 2021;26:2323.
9. Subudhi S, Drescher HK, Dichtel LE, et al. Distinct hepatic gene-expression patterns of NAFLD in patients with obesity. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6:77-89.
10. Balsa E, Perry EA, Bennett CF, et al. Defective NADPH production in mitochondrial disease complex I causes inflammation and cell death. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2714.
11. Li Z, Agellon LB, Allen TM, et al. The ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine influences membrane integrity and steatohepatitis. Cell Metab. 2006;3:321-31.
13. Nakatsuka A, Matsuyama M, Yamaguchi S, et al. Insufficiency of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is risk for lean non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21721.
14. Yi P, Melnyk S, Pogribna M, Pogribny IP, Hine RJ, James SJ. Increase in plasma homocysteine associated with parallel increases in plasma S-adenosylhomocysteine and lymphocyte DNA hypomethylation. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:29318-23.
15. Bril F, Pearce RW, Collier TS, McPhaul MJ. Differences in HDL-bound apolipoproteins in patients with advanced liver fibrosis due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;108:42-51.
16. Homocysteine Lowering Trialists’ Collaboration. Dose-dependent effects of folic acid on blood concentrations of homocysteine: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:806-12.
17. Sohouli MH, Almuqayyid F, Alfardous Alazm A, et al. A comprehensive review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials examining the impact of vitamin B12 supplementation on homocysteine levels. Nutr Rev. 2024;82:726-37.
18. Steenge GR, Verhoef P, Katan MB. Betaine supplementation lowers plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2003;133:1291-5.
19. Lu XT, Wang YN, Mo QW, et al. Effects of low-dose B vitamins plus betaine supplementation on lowering homocysteine concentrations among Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled preliminary clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62:1599-610.
20. Liu C, Yao H, Wang F. Effect of nutritional supplements for reducing homocysteine levels in healthy adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nutr Rev. 2025;83:e1533-43.
21. Sadre-Marandi F, Dahdoul T, Reed MC, Nijhout HF. Sex differences in hepatic one-carbon metabolism. BMC Syst Biol. 2018;12:89.
22. Pickett-Blakely O, Young K, Carr RM. Micronutrients in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;6:451-62.
23. Qi X, Guo J, Li Y, et al. Vitamin E intake is inversely associated with NAFLD measured by liver ultrasound transient elastography. Sci Rep. 2024;14:2592.
24. Yao B, Lu X, Xu L, Jiang Y. Association of serum folate with prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults (NHANES 2011-2018). Front Nutr. 2023;10:1141156.
25. Li J, Huang J, Lv Y, Ji H. Association between dietary intakes of B vitamins and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1272321.
26. Pan J, Zhou Y, Pang N, Yang L. Dietary niacin intake and mortality among individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2354277.
27. Bril F, Lomonaco R, Orsak B, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatology. 2013;58:522a. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2013/10001/vitamin_d_deficiency_and_development_of.657.aspx. [Last accessed on 10 Sep 2025].
28. Abdelmalek MF, Sanderson SO, Angulo P, et al. Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2009;50:1818-26.
29. Bril F, Biernacki DM, Kalavalapalli S, et al. Role of Vitamin E for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:1481-8.
30. Kitson MT, Pham A, Gordon A, Kemp W, Roberts SK. High-dose vitamin D supplementation and liver histology in NASH. Gut. 2016;65:717-8.