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Figure 1. Hormonal and Metabolic Modulation of MASLD Risk Across Sex and Life Stages. This figure illustrates how sex hormones-estrogens, androgens, and related binding proteins-and metabolic factors collectively influence susceptibility to MASLD across life stages in both sexes. It integrates hormonal transitions (e.g., pregnancy, menopause, and aging) with sex-specific metabolic determinants such as insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and body fat distribution, highlighting differences in pathophysiology and clinical presentation. PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; SHBG: sex hormone-binding globulin; TRT: testosterone replacement therapy; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.