fig3
Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the multimodal luminescence behavior of rare earth-doped LiNbO3[11,39-41,44,47,68,71-74]. Data for Pr3+ are summarized from Refs.[39,47,68,73,74], Er3+ from Refs.[39,68,72-74], Yb3+ from Refs.[68,74], Nd3+ from Refs.[11,44,68], other rare earth ions from Refs.[40,41,68,71,72,74]. Reproduced from Ref.[11] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. Reproduced from Ref.[40] with permission from the Elsevier. Reproduced from Ref.[47] with permission from the John Wiley and Sons. Reproduced from Ref.[73,74] with permission from the American Chemical Society. Note: The Chinese characters appearing in the "Other RE" section represent "Lanzhou University". RE: Rare earth; Pr3+: praseodymium; Er: erbium; Nd3+: neodymium; Yb: ytterbium； PersL: persistent luminescence; PSL: photostimulated luminescence; UCL: upconversion luminescence.
