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Figure 2. (A) Schematic illustration of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exposed to various cosmic radiation sources, including protons, electrons, heavy ions, and UV, X-ray, and γ-ray. (B) Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) simulations of proton penetration of PSCs^[26]. Copyright © 2024, Springer Nature. (C) Schematic diagram for the degradation mechanism and degradation suppression by passivating the perovskite surface^[37]. Copyright © 2025, Elsevier. (D) In-orbit demonstrations of PSCs, from stratospheric balloon flights to sub-orbital rockets and extended operation aboard the International Space Station.