fig5

Figure 5. Application demonstrations of S-TENGs. (A) Omnidirectional hybrid energy harvesting for portable electronics. Used with permission^[45]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (B) UAV vibration sensing and early warning generation. Used with permission^[16]. Copyright 2024 Elsevier. (C) Pipeline-driven wireless carbon dioxide monitoring. Used with permission^[25]. Copyright 2025 Elsevier. (D) Industrial equipment monitoring with predictive maintenance. Used with permission^[44]. Copyright 2024 by the authors (CC BY 4.0).