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Figure 5. FAP⁺CAFs may inhibit CD8⁺ T cell function by promoting the polarization of naive CD4⁺ T cells toward Th2. (A) Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of FAP⁺CAFs on CD8⁺ T cell proliferation with or without the presence of naive CD4⁺ T cells. (B and C) ELISA measuring whether IL-31 antibodies can block the decrease in IFN-γ and perforin expression in CD8⁺ T cells mediated by co-culture with FAP⁺CAFs and CD4⁺ T cells (n = 3). ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001; NS: no significance; bars: means ± standard deviation. CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts.