fig3

Figure 3. Therapeutic strategies and related mechanisms to overcome immune therapy resistance in HNSCC. Created in BioRender. Yu, Y. (2025) https://BioRender.com/2sr7zb0. HNSCC: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; DAMPs: damage associated molecular patterns; CAR-T cell: chimeric antigen receptor T cells; TCR: T cell receptor; TIGIT: T cell immune receptor with Ig and ITIM domains (Ig: immunoglobulin domain; ITIM: immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif); LAG3: lymphocyte activation gene 3; VISTA: V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation; TIM3: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3; TLR9: Toll-like receptor 9; TGFB: transforming growth factor beta; CSF1R: colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; CCR5: C-C motif chemokine receptor 5; CXR2: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2; CXCR: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; NK cell: natural killer cell; M2-TAM: M2 tumor-associated macrophages; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor.