fig2

Figure 2. Main mechanisms of resistance to ADC drugs. Resistance to ADCs arises through multiple mechanisms that impair their efficacy at various stages. The main mechanisms include the antigen-related resistance, payload resistance, antibody component resistance, intracellular trafficking defects, linker instability and drug release issues, as well as alterations in signaling pathways. Created in BioRender. Hao, Y. (2025) https://BioRender.com/2b91iun. ADC: Antibody-drug conjugate; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog.