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Figure 2. Mechanisms of ICI resistance mediated by excluded T cell tumor infiltration. (A) Chemokine axis dysregulation limits T cell recruitment; (B) Intratumoral vascular structural abnormalities hinder T cell trafficking and infiltration; (C) Immunosuppressive cytokine secretion driven by carcinogenic signaling pathways constrains T cell infiltration; (D) ECM fibrosis confines T cell penetration; (E) Intratumoral metabolic stress suppresses T cell infiltration, with lactate accumulation particularly impairing T cell metabolism and effector function, thereby limiting antitumor immunity. Created in BioRender. Wang, L. (2025) https://BioRender.com/5savrs6. ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor; ECM: extracellular matrix.