REFERENCES
1. Alwithenani A, Hengswat P, Chiocca EA. Oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutics: from mechanistic insights to clinical translation. Mol Ther. 2025;33:2217-28.
2. Hartkopf AD, Fehm T, Wallwiener D, Lauer U. Oncolytic virotherapy of gynecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;120:302-10.
3. Kumar N. Infecting cancer to cure it: the power of oncolytic viruses in gynecologic oncology - a narrative review. Drug Res. 2025;75:261-74.
4. Chiocca EA, Rabkin SD. Oncolytic viruses and their application to cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2:295-300.
5. Donnelly O, Harrington K, Melcher A, Pandha H. Live viruses to treat cancer. J R Soc Med. 2013;106:310-4.
6. Larocca CJ, Warner SG. Oncolytic viruses and checkpoint inhibitors: combination therapy in clinical trials. Clin Transl Med. 2018;7:e35.
7. Zhang Q, Zhang J, Liu Z, et al. Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (H101) intra-tumor therapy in patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer: genomic profiling relating to clinical efficacy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:3507-22.
8. Hemminki O, Parviainen S, Juhila J, et al. Immunological data from cancer patients treated with Ad5/3-E2F-Δ24-GMCSF suggests utility for tumor immunotherapy. Oncotarget. 2015;6:4467-81.
9. He Y, Huang X, Li X, et al. Preliminary efficacy and safety of YSCH-01 in patients with advanced solid tumors: an investigator-initiated trial. J Immunother Cancer. 2024;12:e008999.
10. Pakola SA, Peltola KJ, Clubb JH, et al. Safety, efficacy, and biological data of T-Cell-enabling oncolytic adenovirus TILT-123 in advanced solid cancers from the TUNIMO monotherapy phase I trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2024;30:3715-25.
11. Zhang X, Wang Y, Lv X, et al. Intratumoral injection of oncolytic virus (H101) in combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2023;33:1051-6.
12. Zhang J, Zhang Q, Liu Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (H101) in persistent, recurrent, or metastatic gynecologic malignancies: a retrospective study. Front Oncol. 2022;12:877155.
13. Koski A, Kangasniemi L, Escutenaire S, et al. Treatment of cancer patients with a serotype 5/3 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus expressing GMCSF. Mol Ther. 2010;18:1874-84.
14. Lolkema MP, Arkenau H, Harrington K, et al. A phase I study of the combination of intravenous reovirus type 3 dearing and gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:581-8.
15. Cohn DE, Sill MW, Walker JL, et al. Randomized phase IIB evaluation of weekly paclitaxel versus weekly paclitaxel with oncolytic reovirus (Reolysin®) in recurrent ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancer: an NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;146:477-83.
16. Block MS, Clubb JHA, Mäenpää J, et al. The oncolytic adenovirus TILT-123 with pembrolizumab in platinum resistant or refractory ovarian cancer: the phase 1a PROTA trial. Nat Commun. 2025;16:1381.
17. Moreno V, Barretina-Ginesta M, García-Donas J, et al. Safety and efficacy of the tumor-selective adenovirus enadenotucirev with or without paclitaxel in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer: a phase 1 clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9:e003645.
18. Kim KH, Dmitriev IP, Saddekni S, et al. A phase I clinical trial of Ad5/3-Δ24, a novel serotype-chimeric, infectivity-enhanced, conditionally-replicative adenovirus (CRAd), in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;130:518-24.
19. Kimball KJ, Preuss MA, Barnes MN, et al. A phase I study of a tropism-modified conditionally replicative adenovirus for recurrent malignant gynecologic diseases. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:5277-87.
20. Galanis E, Hartmann LC, Cliby WA, et al. Phase I trial of intraperitoneal administration of an oncolytic measles virus strain engineered to express carcinoembryonic antigen for recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70:875-82.
21. Zhang Y, Qian L, Chen K, et al. Oncolytic adenovirus in treating malignant ascites: A phase II trial and longitudinal single-cell study. Mol Ther. 2024;32:2000-20.
22. Holloway RW, Mendivil AA, Kendrick JE, et al. Clinical activity of olvimulogene nanivacirepvec-primed immunochemotherapy in heavily pretreated patients with platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer: the nonrandomized phase 2 VIRO-15 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9:903.
23. Manyam M, Stephens AJ, Kennard JA, et al. A phase 1b study of intraperitoneal oncolytic viral immunotherapy in platinum-resistant or refractory ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2021;163:481-9.
24. Galanis E, Atherton PJ, Maurer MJ, et al. Oncolytic measles virus expressing the sodium iodide symporter to treat drug-resistant ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2015;75:22-30.
25. Kanerva A, Koski A, Liikanen I, et al. Case-control estimation of the impact of oncolytic adenovirus on the survival of patients with refractory solid tumors. Mol Ther. 2015;23:321-9.
26. Marabelle A, Andtbacka R, Harrington K, et al. Starting the fight in the tumor: expert recommendations for the development of human intratumoral immunotherapy (HIT-IT). Ann Oncol. 2018;29:2163-74.
27. Sheth RA, Murthy R, Hong DS, et al. Assessment of image-guided intratumoral delivery of immunotherapeutics in patients with cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e207911.
28. Tselikas L, Champiat S, Sheth RA, et al. Interventional radiology for local immunotherapy in oncology. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27:2698-705.
29. Goldmacher GV, Khilnani AD, Andtbacka RHI, et al. Response criteria for intratumoral immunotherapy in solid tumors: itRECIST. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:2667-76.
30. Twumasi-Boateng K, Pettigrew JL, Kwok YYE, Bell JC, Nelson BH. Oncolytic viruses as engineering platforms for combination immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18:419-32.
31. Miller A, Nace R, Ayala-Breton CC, et al. Perfusion pressure is a critical determinant of the intratumoral extravasation of oncolytic viruses. Mol Ther. 2016;24:306-17.
32. Breitbach CJ, De Silva NS, Falls TJ, et al. Targeting tumor vasculature with an oncolytic virus. Mol Ther. 2011;19:886-94.
33. Bayona C, Ranđelović T, Ochoa I. Tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma: the central role of the hypoxic-necrotic core. Cancer Lett. 2026;639:218216.
34. Tacher V, Le Deley MC, Hollebecque A, et al. Factors associated with success of image-guided tumour biopsies: Results from a prospective molecular triage study (MOSCATO-01). Eur J Cancer. 2016;59:79-89.
35. Sheth RA, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Patel SP, Brock KK, Fotiadis N, De Baère T. Intratumoral injection of immunotherapeutics: state of the art and future directions. Radiology. 2024;312:e232654.
36. Shalhout SZ, Miller DM, Emerick KS, et al. Therapy with oncolytic viruses: progress and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20:160-77.
37. He Y, Li W, Zhang X, Cui Z. Oncolytic virus targeted therapy for glioma via intravenous delivery. Adv Healthc Mater. 2025;14:2404965.
38. Xu C, Chen L, Liu G, et al. Tailoring an intravenously injectable oncolytic virus for augmenting radiotherapy. Cell Rep Med. 2025;6:102078.
39. Zhong L, Gan L, Wang B, et al. Hyperacute rejection-engineered oncolytic virus for interventional clinical trial in refractory cancer patients. Cell. 2025;188:1119-36.e23.
40. Jazowiecka-Rakus J, Hadrys A, Rahman MM, et al. Myxoma virus expressing LIGHT (TNFSF14) pre-loaded into adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells is effective treatment for murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancers. 2021;13:1394.
41. Holloway RW, Thaker P, Mendivil AA, et al. A phase III, multicenter, randomized study of olvimulogene nanivacirepvec followed by platinum-doublet chemotherapy and bevacizumab compared with platinum-doublet chemotherapy and bevacizumab in women with platinum-resistant/refractory ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2023;33:1458-63.
42. Macedo N, Miller DM, Haq R, Kaufman HL. Clinical landscape of oncolytic virus research in 2020. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8:e001486.
43. Gujar S, Pol JG, Kim Y, Lee PW, Kroemer G. Antitumor benefits of antiviral immunity: an underappreciated aspect of oncolytic virotherapies. Trends Immunol. 2018;39:209-21.
44. Santoiemma PP, Powell DJ. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2015;16:807-20.
45. Russell SJ, Barber GN. Oncolytic viruses as antigen-agnostic cancer vaccines. Cancer Cell. 2018;33:599-605.
46. Woo S, Fuertes MB, Corrales L, et al. STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors. Immunity. 2014;41:830-42.
47. Guo ZS, Liu Z, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic immunotherapy: dying the right way is a key to eliciting potent antitumor immunity. Front Oncol. 2014;4:74.
48. Zhang B, Cheng P. Improving antitumor efficacy via combinatorial regimens of oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2020;19:158.
49. Hemminki O, Dos Santos JM, Hemminki A. Oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13:84.
50. de Graaf J, De Vor L, Fouchier R, Van Den Hoogen B. Armed oncolytic viruses: a kick-start for anti-tumor immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2018;41:28-39.
51. Crunkhorn S. Oncolytic virotherapy enables checkpoint blockade. Nat Rev Drug Discovery. 2018;17:96.
52. Gebremeskel S, Nelson A, Walker B, et al. Natural killer T cell immunotherapy combined with oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus or reovirus treatments differentially increases survival in mouse models of ovarian and breast cancer metastasis. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9:e002096.
53. Krabbe T, Marek J, Groll T, et al. Adoptive T cell therapy is complemented by oncolytic virotherapy with fusogenic VSV-NDV in combination treatment of murine melanoma. Cancers. 2021;13:1044.
54. Fang L, Tian W, Zhang C, et al. Oncolytic adenovirus-mediated expression of CCL5 and IL12 facilitates CA9-targeting CAR-T therapy against renal cell carcinoma. Pharmacol Res. 2023;189:106701.
55. Wang S, Li Y, Xu C, Dong J, Wei J. An oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding hyaluronidase reshapes the extracellular matrix to enhance cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2024;12:e008431.
56. Boulton S, Singh S, Organ B, et al. Oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding constitutively active EPAC remodels the tumor microenvironment to enhance therapeutic efficacy with chemotherapy and surgery. J Immunother Cancer. 2026;14:e013832.
57. Peng Z, Kalim M, Lu Y. Improving systemic delivery of oncolytic virus by cellular carriers. Cancer Biol Med. 2025;21:1104-19.
58. Yoon A, Hong J, Li Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated delivery of an oncolytic adenovirus enhances antitumor efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2019;79:4503-14.





