REFERENCES
1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229-63.
2. Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin. 2025;75:10-45.
4. Inamura K. Lung cancer: understanding its molecular pathology and the 2015 WHO classification. Front Oncol. 2017;7:193.
6. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, et al.; WHO Panel. The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of lung tumors: impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 classification. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10:1243-60.
7. Yendamuri S, Caty L, Pine M, et al. Outcomes of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis. Surgery. 2012;152:397-402.
8. Hendriks LEL, Remon J, Faivre-Finn C, et al. Non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10:71.
9. Chevallier M, Borgeaud M, Addeo A, Friedlaender A. Oncogenic driver mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: past, present and future. World J Clin Oncol. 2021;12:217-37.
10. Xie S, Wu Z, Qi Y, Wu B, Zhu X. The metastasizing mechanisms of lung cancer: Recent advances and therapeutic challenges. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;138:111450.
11. Li W, Li M, Huang Q, et al. Advancement of regulating cellular signaling pathways in NSCLC target therapy via nanodrug. Front Chem. 2023;11:1251986.
12. Alamri S, Badah MZ, Zorgi S, et al. Disease prognosis and therapeutic strategies in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a 6-year epidemiological study between 2015-2021. Transl Cancer Res. 2024;13:762-70.
13. Gildea TR, DaCosta Byfield S, Hogarth DK, Wilson DS, Quinn CC. A retrospective analysis of delays in the diagnosis of lung cancer and associated costs. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2017;9:261-9.
14. Kocher F, Hilbe W, Seeber A, et al. Longitudinal analysis of 2293 NSCLC patients: a comprehensive study from the TYROL registry. Lung Cancer. 2015;87:193-200.
15. Samson JS, Parvathi VD. Prospects of microRNAs as therapeutic biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer. Med Oncol. 2023;40:345.
16. Shimamura SS, Shukuya T, Asao T, et al. Survival past five years with advanced, EGFR-mutated or ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer-is there a “tail plateau” in the survival curve of these patients? BMC Cancer. 2022;22:323.
17. Garon EB, Hellmann MD, Rizvi NA, et al. Five-year overall survival for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with pembrolizumab: results from the phase I KEYNOTE-001 study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:2518-27.
18. Lu T, Yang X, Huang Y, et al. Trends in the incidence, treatment, and survival of patients with lung cancer in the last four decades. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:943-53.
19. Kneuertz PJ, Ferrari-Light D, Altorki NK. Sublobar resection vs lobectomy for stage ia non-small cell lung carcinoma-takeaways from modern randomized trials. Ann Thorac Surg. 2024;117:897-903.
20. Matsuda A, Yamaoka K, Kunitoh H, et al. Quality of life with docetaxel plus cisplatin versus paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer: quality of life analysis of TORG 0503. Qual Life Res. 2023;32:2629-37.
21. Schneider BJ, Daly ME, Kennedy EB, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: American Society of clinical oncology endorsement of the American Society for radiation oncology evidence-based guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:710-9.
22. Brozos-Vázquez EM, Díaz-Peña R, García-González J, et al. Immunotherapy in nonsmall-cell lung cancer: current status and future prospects for liquid biopsy. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2021;70:1177-88.
23. Lu Y, Zeng T, Zhang H, et al. Nano-immunotherapy for lung cancer. Nano TransMed. 2023;2:e9130018. Available from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2790676023000365 [accessed 5 February 2026].
24. Hsu PC, Jablons DM, Yang CT, You L. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, yes-associated protein (YAP) and the regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:3821.
25. Tran TO, Lam LHT, Le NQK. Hyper-methylation of ABCG1 as an epigenetics biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer. Funct Integr Genomics. 2023;23:256.
26. Wu Y, Lu S, Zhou Q, et al. Expert consensus on treatment for stage III non‐small cell lung cancer. Medicine Advances. 2023;1:3-13.
27. Saw SPL, Ong BH, Chua KLM, Takano A, Tan DSW. Revisiting neoadjuvant therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:e501-16.
28. Thyagarajan A, Gajjar V, Sahu RP. Are metformin-based combination approaches beneficial for non-small cell lung cancer: evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Mil Med Res. 2025;12:61.
29. Pesch B, Kendzia B, Gustavsson P, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer--relative risk estimates for the major histological types from a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:1210-9.
30. Le Calvez F, Mukeria A, Hunt JD, et al. TP53 and KRAS mutation load and types in lung cancers in relation to tobacco smoke: distinct patterns in never, former, and current smokers. Cancer Res. 2005;65:5076-83.
31. Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma: a study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases. J Am Med Assoc. 1950;143:329-36.
32. Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, et al. Residential radon and risk of lung cancer: a combined analysis of 7 North American case-control studies. Epidemiology. 2005;16:137-45.
33. Boffetta P, Autier P, Boniol M, et al. An estimate of cancers attributable to occupational exposures in France. J Occup Environ Med. 2010;52:399-406.
34. Lissowska J, Bardin-Mikolajczak A, Fletcher T, et al. Lung cancer and indoor pollution from heating and cooking with solid fuels: the IARC international multicentre case-control study in Eastern/Central Europe and the United Kingdom. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162:326-33.
35. Ling B, Liao X, Huang Y, et al. Identification of prognostic markers of lung cancer through bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments. Int J Oncol. 2020;56:193-205.
36. Thyagarajan A, Tsai KY, Sahu RP. MicroRNA heterogeneity in melanoma progression. Semin Cancer Biol. 2019;59:208-20.
37. Hamdy NM, Basalious EB, El-Sisi MG, et al. Advancements in current one-size-fits-all therapies compared to future treatment innovations for better improved chemotherapeutic outcomes: a step-toward personalized medicine. Curr Med Res Opin. 2024;40:1943-61.
39. Chauhan SJ, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP. Effects of miRNA-149-5p and platelet-activating factor-receptor signaling on the growth and targeted therapy response on lung cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:6772.
40. Bernstein E, Caudy AA, Hammond SM, Hannon GJ. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature. 2001;409:363-6.
41. Walayat A, Yang M, Xiao D. Therapeutic implication of miRNA in human disease. In: Sharad S, Kapur S, editors. Antisense therapy. IntechOpen; 2018.
42. O'Brien J, Hayder H, Zayed Y, Peng C. Overview of MicroRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:402.
43. Wang F, Fu XD, Zhou Y, Zhang Y. Down-regulation of the cyclin E1 oncogene expression by microRNA-16-1 induces cell cycle arrest in human cancer cells. BMB Rep. 2009;42:725-30.
44. Sun F, Fu H, Liu Q, et al. Downregulation of CCND1 and CDK6 by miR-34a induces cell cycle arrest. FEBS Lett. 2008;582:1564-8.
45. Luo J, Zhu C, Wang H, Yu L, Zhou J. MicroRNA-126 affects ovarian cancer cell differentiation and invasion by modulating expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Oncol Lett. 2018;15:5803-8.
46. Lang Y, Kong X, Liu B, Jin X, Chen L, Xu S. microRNA-651-5p affects the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells by regulating calmodulin 2 expression. Clin Respir J. 2023;17:754-63.
47. Qin W, Shi Y, Zhao B, et al. miR-24 regulates apoptosis by targeting the open reading frame (ORF) region of FAF1 in cancer cells. PLoS One. 2010;5:e9429.
48. Cui F, Zhou Q, Xiao K, Ma S. The microRNA hsa-let-7g promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in lung cancer by targeting HOXB1. Yonsei Med J. 2020;61:210-7.
49. Tüfekci KU, Meuwissen RLJ, Genç Ş. The Role of MicroRNAs in biological processes. In: Yousef M, Allmer J, editors. miRNomics: microRNA biology and computational analysis. Totowa: Humana Press; 2014. pp. 15-31.
50. You J, Li Y, Fang N, et al. MiR-132 suppresses the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells via targeting the EMT regulator ZEB2. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91827.
51. Li J, Song Y, Wang Y, Luo J, Yu W. MicroRNA-148a suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by targeting ROCK1 in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013;380:277-82.
52. Thyagarajan A, Shaban A, Sahu RP. MicroRNA-directed cancer therapies: implications in melanoma intervention. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018;364:1-12.
53. Cortez MA, Valdecanas D, Zhang X, et al. Therapeutic delivery of miR-200c enhances radiosensitivity in lung cancer. Mol Ther. 2014;22:1494-503.
54. Zhao Z, Zhang L, Yao Q, Tao Z. miR-15b regulates cisplatin resistance and metastasis by targeting PEBP4 in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 2015;22:108-14.
55. Yu S, Qin X, Chen T, Zhou L, Xu X, Feng J. MicroRNA-106b-5p regulates cisplatin chemosensitivity by targeting polycystic kidney disease-2 in non-small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Drugs. 2017;28:852-60.
56. Yang Y, Ding L, Hu Q, et al. MicroRNA-218 functions as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer by targeting IL-6/STAT3 and negatively correlates with poor prognosis. Mol Cancer. 2017;16:141.
57. Tatarano S, Chiyomaru T, Kawakami K, et al. miR-218 on the genomic loss region of chromosome 4p15.31 functions as a tumor suppressor in bladder cancer. Int J Oncol. 2011;39:13-21.
58. Davidson MR, Larsen JE, Yang IA, et al. MicroRNA-218 is deleted and downregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12560.
59. Rodriguez A, Griffiths-Jones S, Ashurst JL, Bradley A. Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units. Genome Res. 2004;14:1902-10.
60. Charostad J, Nakhaei M, Azaran A, et al. MiRNA-218 is frequently downregulated in malignant breast tumors: a footprint of epstein-barr virus infection. Iran J Pathol. 2021;16:376-85.
61. Shi J, Yang L, Wang T, et al. miR-218 is downregulated and directly targets SH3GL1 in childhood medulloblastoma. Mol Med Rep. 2013;8:1111-7.
62. Guan B, Mu L, Zhang L, et al. MicroRNA-218 inhibits the migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties of prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett. 2018;16:1821-6.
63. Hu L, Ai J, Long H, et al. Integrative microRNA and gene profiling data analysis reveals novel biomarkers and mechanisms for lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:8441-54.
64. Zhao L, Wang L, Wang Y, Ma P. Long noncoding RNA CCAT1 enhances human nonsmall cell lung cancer growth through downregulation of microRNA218. Oncol Rep. 2020;43:1045-52.
65. Jin X, Liu X, Zhang Z, Guan Y. lncRNA CCAT1 acts as a MicroRNA-218 sponge to increase gefitinib resistance in NSCLC by targeting HOXA1. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2020;19:1266-75.
66. Wischmann FJ, Troschel FM, Frankenberg M, et al. Tumor suppressor miR-218 directly targets epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in triple-negative breast cancer, sensitizing cells to irradiation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023;149:8455-65.
67. Lun W, Wu X, Deng Q, Zhi F. MiR-218 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer via targeting CTGF. Cancer Cell Int. 2018;18:83.
68. Li L, Yu H, Ren Q. MiR-218-5p suppresses the progression of retinoblastoma through targeting NACC1 and inhibiting the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:6959-67.
69. Cruz-De la Rosa MI, Jiménez-Wences H, Alarcón-Millán J, et al. miR-218-5p/RUNX2 axis positively regulates proliferation and is associated with poor prognosis in cervical cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:6993.
70. Han M, Chen L, Wang Y. miR-218 overexpression suppresses tumorigenesis of papillary thyroid cancer via inactivation of PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway by targeting Runx2. Onco Targets Ther. 2018;11:6305-16.
71. Guo P, Sheng M, Liu H, Ju L, Yang N, Sun Y. Effects of miR-218-1-3p and miR-149 on proliferation and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett. 2020;20:96.
72. Chen Y, Yang JL, Xue ZZ, et al. Effects and mechanism of microRNA218 against lung cancer. Mol Med Rep. 2021;23:1-1.
73. Zhu K, Ding H, Wang W, et al. Tumor-suppressive miR-218-5p inhibits cancer cell proliferation and migration via EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:28075-85.
74. Wu DW, Cheng YW, Wang J, Chen CY, Lee H. Paxillin predicts survival and relapse in non-small cell lung cancer by microRNA-218 targeting. Cancer Res. 2010;70:10392-401.
75. Zarogoulidis P, Petanidis S, Kioseoglou E, Domvri K, Anestakis D, Zarogoulidis K. MiR-205 and miR-218 expression is associated with carboplatin chemoresistance and regulation of apoptosis via Mcl-1 and Survivin in lung cancer cells. Cell Signal. 2015;27:1576-88.
76. Chiu KL, Kuo TT, Kuok QY, et al. ADAM9 enhances CDCP1 protein expression by suppressing miR-218 for lung tumor metastasis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16426.
77. Zeng XJ, Wu YH, Luo M, Cong PG, and Yu H. Inhibition of pulmonary carcinoma proliferation or metastasis of miR-218 via down-regulating CDCP1 expression. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21:1502-8. Available from https://www.europeanreview.org/article/12517 [accessed 5 February 2026].
78. Lai X, Chen Q, Zhu C, et al. Regulation of RPTPα-c-Src signalling pathway by miR-218. FEBS J. 2015;282:2722-34.
79. Li YJ, Zhang W, Xia H, et al. miR-218 suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by targeting Robo1 and Ecop in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Future Oncol. 2017;13:2571-82.
80. Wang Z, Wang B, Wang K. Targeting TRIM9 by miR-218-5p restricts cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2023;53:106-15. Available from https://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/53/1/106.short [accessed 5 February 2026].
81. Zhang C, Ge S, Hu C, Yang N, Zhang J. MiRNA-218, a new regulator of HMGB1, suppresses cell migration and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2013;45:1055-61.
82. Sher YP, Wang LJ, Chuang LL, et al. ADAM9 up-regulates N-cadherin via miR-218 suppression in lung adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One. 2014;9:e94065.
83. Shi ZM, Wang L, Shen H, et al. Downregulation of miR-218 contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis in lung cancer by targeting Slug/ZEB2 signaling. Oncogene. 2017;36:2577-88.
84. Chen P, Zhao Y, Li Y. MiR-218 inhibits migration and invasion of lung cancer cell by regulating Robo1 expression. Chin J Lung Cancer. 2017;20:452-8.
85. Zhang Z, Jiang H, Wang Y, Shi M. Heparan sulfate D-glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B1 is a novel regulator of transforming growth factor-beta-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and regulated by miR-218 in nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Ther. 2018;14:24-9.
86. Song L, Li D, Zhao Y, et al. miR-218 suppressed the growth of lung carcinoma by reducing MEF2D expression. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:2891-900.
87. Chen Y, Tu MJ, Han F, et al. Use of recombinant microRNAs as antimetabolites to inhibit human non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2023;13:4273-90.
88. Chen G, Wang Q, Wang K. MicroRNA-218-5p affects lung adenocarcinoma progression through targeting endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1 alpha. Bioengineered. 2022;13:10061-70.
89. Tian W, Yuan X, Song Y, et al. miR-218 inhibits glucose metabolism in non-small cell lung cancer via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med. 2021;21:106.
90. Xie J, Yu F, Li D, Zhu X, Zhang X, Lv Z. MicroRNA-218 regulates cisplatin (DPP) chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting RUNX2. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:1197-204.
91. Chen X, Xu Y, Jiang L, Tan Q. miRNA-218-5p increases cell sensitivity by inhibiting PRKDC activity in radiation-resistant lung carcinoma cells. Thorac Cancer. 2021;12:1549-57.
92. Wang X, Shu Y, Shi H, et al. TRIM9 is up-regulated in human lung cancer and involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2016;9:10461-9. Available from https://e-century.us/files/ijcem/9/6/ijcem0020617.pdf [accessed 5 February 2026].
93. Yang F, Liu H, Yu Y, Xu L. TRIM9 overexpression promotes uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis via NF-κB signaling pathway. Life Sci. 2020;257:118101.
94. Zhang YL, Yuan JQ, Wang KF, et al. The prevalence of EGFR mutation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2016;7:78985-93.
95. Kalluri R, Neilson EG. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:1776-84.
96. Liu PL, Tsai JR, Hwang JJ, et al. High-mobility group box 1-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in non-small cell lung cancer contributes to tumor cell invasiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010;43:530-8.
97. Tsoukalas N, Aravantinou-Fatorou E, Tolia M, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res. 2017;37:1773-8.
98. Schmid BC, Rezniczek GA, Fabjani G, Yoneda T, Leodolter S, Zeillinger R. The neuronal guidance cue Slit2 induces targeted migration and may play a role in brain metastasis of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;106:333-42.
99. Park S, James CD. ECop (EGFR-coamplified and overexpressed protein), a novel protein, regulates NF-κB transcriptional activity and associated apoptotic response in an IκBα-dependent manner. Oncogene. 2005;24:2495-502.
100. Wang Y, Liang S, Yu Y, Shi Y, Zheng H. Knockdown of SNHG12 suppresses tumor metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the Slug/ZEB2 signaling pathway by targeting miR-218 in NSCLC. Oncol Lett. 2019;17:2356-64.
101. Wang P, Chen D, Ma H, Li Y. LncRNA SNHG12 contributes to multidrug resistance through activating the MAPK/Slug pathway by sponging miR-181a in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8:84086-101.
102. Su L, Luo Y, Yang Z, et al. MEF2D transduces microenvironment stimuli to ZEB1 to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2016;76:5054-67.
103. Liu H, Ong SE, Badu-Nkansah K, Schindler J, White FM, Hynes RO. CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) activates Src to promote melanoma metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:1379-84.
104. Hooper JD, Zijlstra A, Aimes RT, et al. Subtractive immunization using highly metastatic human tumor cells identifies SIMA135/CDCP1, a 135 kDa cell surface phosphorylated glycoprotein antigen. Oncogene. 2003;22:1783-94.
105. Ikeda J, Oda T, Inoue M, et al. Expression of CUB domain containing protein (CDCP1) is correlated with prognosis and survival of patients with adenocarcinoma of lung. Cancer Sci. 2009;100:429-33.
106. Liu TC, Hsieh MJ, Wu WJ, et al. Association between survivin genetic polymorphisms and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Med Sci. 2016;13:929-35.
107. Jacobs JJ, Kieboom K, Marino S, DePinho RA, van Lohuizen M. The oncogene and polycomb-group gene bmi-1 regulates cell proliferation and senescence through the ink4a locus. Nature. 1999;397:164-8.
108. Sirhan Z, Alojair R, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP. Therapeutic implications of PTEN in non-small cell lung cancer. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:2090.
109. Paone A, Marani M, Fiascarelli A, et al. SHMT1 knockdown induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells by causing uracil misincorporation. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5:e1525.
110. O’Byrne KJ, Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor and angiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:1427-32.
111. Zhang L, Song K, Zhou L, et al. Heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase-3B1 (HS3ST3B1) promotes angiogenesis and proliferation by induction of VEGF in acute myeloid leukemia cells. J Cell Biochem. 2015;116:1101-12.
112. Huang B, Lang X, Li X. The role of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in cancers. Front Oncol. 2022;12:1023177.
113. Gu Z, Fang X, Li C, et al. Increased PTPRA expression leads to poor prognosis through c-Src activation and G1 phase progression in squamous cell lung cancer. Int J Oncol. 2017;51:489-97.
114. Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. The metabolism of tumors in the body. J Gen Physiol. 1927;8:519-30.
116. Zhang Y, Li XJ, He RQ, et al. Upregulation of HOXA1 promotes tumorigenesis and development of nonsmall cell lung cancer: a comprehensive investigation based on reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and bioinformatics analysis. Int J Oncol. 2018;53:73-86.
117. Simone CB 2nd, Bradley J, Chen AB, et al. ASTRO radiation therapy summary of the ASCO guideline on management of stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2023;13:195-202.
118. Chen Y, Li Y, Xiong J, et al. Role of PRKDC in cancer initiation, progression, and treatment. Cancer Cell Int. 2021;21:563.
119. Yang Q, Li J, Hu Y, et al. MiR-218-5p suppresses the killing effect of natural killer cell to lung adenocarcinoma by targeting SHMT1. Yonsei Med J. 2019;60:500-8.
120. Morton JJ, Bird G, Refaeli Y, Jimeno A. Humanized mouse xenograft models: narrowing the tumor-microenvironment gap. Cancer Res. 2016;76:6153-8.
121. Dong H, Lei J, Ding L, Wen Y, Ju H, Zhang X. MicroRNA: function, detection, and bioanalysis. Chem Rev. 2013;113:6207-33.
122. Qian W, Chen X, Sheng Y, et al. Tumor purity in preclinical mouse tumor models. Cancer Res Commun. 2022;2:353-65.
123. Carretta M, Thorseth ML, Schina A, et al. Dissecting tumor microenvironment heterogeneity in syngeneic mouse models: insights on cancer-associated fibroblast phenotypes shaped by infiltrating T cells. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1320614.
124. Gu A, Li J, Li MY, Liu Y. Patient-derived xenograft model in cancer: establishment and applications. MedComm. 2025;6:e70059.
125. Ye G, Liu Y, Huang L, et al. miRNA-218/FANCI is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma: a bioinformatics analysis. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9:1298.
126. Khorshid O, Abdelwahab AA, Makar HAS, Abdalgeleel SA, Elsayed AHH. Prognostic significance of circulating Mir-182-5p and Mir-218-5p as liquid biopsy biomarkers in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Environ Sci. 2025;11:1336-42.
127. Brillante S, Volpe M, Indrieri A. Advances in MicroRNA therapeutics: from preclinical to clinical studies. Hum Gene Ther. 2024;35:628-48.
128. Tian H, Cheng L, Liang Y, et al. MicroRNA therapeutic delivery strategies: a review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2024;93:105430.
129. Momin MY, Gaddam RR, Kravitz M, Gupta A, Vikram A. The challenges and opportunities in the development of MicroRNA therapeutics: a multidisciplinary viewpoint. Cells. 2021;10:3097.
130. Wang J, Li Z, Ge Q, et al. Characterization of microRNA transcriptome in tumor, adjacent, and normal tissues of lung squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149:1404-14.e4.
131. Kumamoto T, Seki N, Mataki H, et al. Regulation of TPD52 by antitumor microRNA-218 suppresses cancer cell migration and invasion in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 2016;49:1870-80.





