REFERENCES

1. Aly MT, Tasnim N, Najjaran H, Fardindoost S, Hoorfar M. Pattern recognition system for rapid detection of gases using microfluidic olfaction detector: a case study using methane and ethane. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2024;403:135201.

2. Shigaki S, Yamada M, Kurabayashi D, Hosoda K. Robust moth-inspired algorithm for odor source localization using multimodal information. Sensors. 2023;23:1475.

3. Li H, Yuan J, Yuan H. An active olfaction approach using deep reinforcement Learning for Indoor Attenuation Odor Source Localization. IEEE Sensors J. 2024;24:14561-72.

4. Jabeen M, Meng Q, Jing T, Hou H. Robot odor source localization in indoor environments based on gradient adaptive extremum seeking search. Build Environ. 2023;229:109983.

5. Qu X, Hu Y, Xu C, et al. Optical sensors of volatile organic compounds for non-invasive diagnosis of diseases. Chem Eng J. 2024;485:149804.

6. Javed R, Abbas T, Khan AH, Daud A, Bukhari A, Alharbey R. Deep learning for lungs cancer detection: a review. Artif Intell Rev. 2024;57:197.

7. Wijbenga N, Hoek RAS, Mathot BJ, et al. The potential of electronic nose technology in lung transplantation: a proof of principle. ERJ Open Res. 2022;8:00048-2022.

8. van Geffen WH, Lamote K, Costantini A, et al. The electronic nose: emerging biomarkers in lung cancer diagnostics. Breathe. 2019;15:e135-41.

9. Kokocińska-Kusiak A, Woszczyło M, Zybala M, Maciocha J, Barłowska K, Dzięcioł M. Canine olfaction: physiology, behavior, and possibilities for practical applications. Animals. 2021;11:2463.

10. van de Goor R, van Hooren M, Dingemans AM, Kremer B, Kross K. Training and validating a portable electronic nose for lung cancer screening. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13:676-81.

11. Zakari S, Niels NK, Olagunju GV, et al. Emerging biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis and treatment of cancer: a systematic review. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1405267.

12. Scheepers MHMC, Al-Difaie Z, Brandts L, Peeters A, van Grinsven B, Bouvy ND. Diagnostic performance of electronic noses in cancer diagnoses using exhaled breath: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2219372.

13. Lupan I, Silaghi C, Stroe C, et al. The importance of genetic screening on the syndromes of colorectal cancer and gastric cancer: a 2024 update. Biomedicines. 2024;12:2655.

14. Tyagi H, Daulton E, Bannaga AS, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA. Non-invasive detection and staging of colorectal cancer using a portable electronic nose. Sensors. 2021;21:5440.

15. Borowik P, Adamowicz L, Tarakowski R, Siwek K, Grzywacz T. Odor detection using an E-Nose with a reduced sensor array. Sensors. 2020;20:3542.

16. Yan J, Zhang H, Ge X, Yang W, Peng X, Liu T. A novel bionic olfactory network combined with an electronic nose for identification of industrial exhaust. Microchem J. 2024;200:110287.

17. Lucchi G, Crépin M, Chambaron S, et al. Effects of psychological stress on the emission of volatile organic compounds from the skin. Sci Rep. 2024;14:7238.

18. Teodoro-Morrison T, Diamandis EP, Rifai N, et al. Animal olfactory detection of disease: promises and pitfalls. Clin Chem. 2014;60:1473-9.

19. Sakr R, Ghsoub C, Rbeiz C, et al. COVID-19 detection by dogs: from physiology to field application-a review article. Postgrad Med J. 2022;98:212-8.

20. Červený K, Janoušková K, Vaněčková K, et al. Olfactory evaluation in clinical medical practice. J Clin Med. 2022;11:6628.

21. Katotomichelakis M, Simopoulos E, Tripsianis G, et al. Improvement of olfactory function for quality of life recovery. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:E10-6.

22. Maniaci A, Lechien JR, Vaira LA, La Via L. Taste and smell disorders: a critical look at olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. Life. 2024;14:301.

23. Toussaint N, de Roon M, van Campen JP, Kremer S, Boesveldt S. Loss of olfactory function and nutritional status in vital older adults and geriatric patients. Chem Senses. 2015;40:197-203.

24. Oleszkiewicz A, Kunkel F, Larsson M, Hummel T. Consequences of undetected olfactory loss for human chemosensory communication and well-being. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B. 2020;375:20190265.

25. Oleszkiewicz A, Park D, Resler K, et al. Quality of life in patients with olfactory loss is better predicted by flavor identification than by orthonasal olfactory function. Chem Senses. 2019;44:371-7.

26. Fatuzzo I, Niccolini GF, Zoccali F, et al. Neurons, nose, and neurodegenerative diseases: olfactory function and cognitive impairment. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:2117.

27. Baldini C, Billeci L, Sansone F, Conte R, Domenici C, Tonacci A. Electronic nose as a novel method for diagnosing cancer: a systematic review. Biosensors. 2020;10:84.

28. Scheepers MHMC, Al-Difaie Z, Brandts L, Peeters A, van Grinsven B, Bouvy ND. Diagnostic performance of electronic noses in cancer diagnoses using exhaled breath: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2219372.

29. Li W, Jia Z, Xie D, Chen K, Cui J, Liu H. Recognizing lung cancer using a homemade e-nose: a comprehensive study. Comput Biol Med. 2020;120:103706.

30. Verschakelen JA, Bogaert J, De Wever W. Computed tomography in staging for lung cancer. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2002;19:40s-8s.

31. Rocco G, Pennazza G, Tan KS, et al. A real-world assessment of stage I lung cancer through electronic nose technology. J Thorac Oncol. 2024;19:1272-83.

32. Lee MR, Kao MH, Hsieh YC, et al. Cross-site validation of lung cancer diagnosis by electronic nose with deep learning: a multicenter prospective study. Respir Res. 2024;25:203.

33. Vadala R, Pattnaik B, Bangaru S, et al. A review on electronic nose for diagnosis and monitoring treatment response in lung cancer. J Breath Res. 2023;17:024002.

34. Machado RF, Laskowski D, Deffenderfer O, et al. Detection of lung cancer by sensor array analyses of exhaled breath. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:1286-91.

35. Di Natale C, Macagnano A, Martinelli E, et al. Lung cancer identification by the analysis of breath by means of an array of non-selective gas sensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;18:1209-18.

36. D’Amico A, Pennazza G, Santonico M, et al. An investigation on electronic nose diagnosis of lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2010;68:170-6.

37. Tran VH, Hiang Ping Chan, Thurston M, et al. Breath analysis of lung cancer patients using an electronic nose detection system. IEEE Sensors J. 2010;10:1514-8.

38. Peng G, Hakim M, Broza YY, et al. Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors. Br J Cancer. 2010;103:542-51.

39. Bikov A, Hernadi M, Korosi BZ, et al. Expiratory flow rate, breath hold and anatomic dead space influence electronic nose ability to detect lung cancer. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:202.

40. Hubers AJ, Brinkman P, Boksem RJ, et al. Combined sputum hypermethylation and eNose analysis for lung cancer diagnosis. J Clin Pathol. 2014;67:707-11.

41. Tirzīte M, Bukovskis M, Strazda G, Jurka N, Taivans I. Detection of lung cancer in exhaled breath with an electronic nose using support vector machine analysis. J Breath Res. 2017;11:036009.

42. Tirzïte M, Bukovskis M, Strazda G, Jurka N, Taivans I. Detection of lung cancer with electronic nose and logistic regression analysis. J Breath Res. 2018;13:016006.

43. Huang CH, Zeng C, Wang YC, et al. A study of diagnostic accuracy using a chemical sensor array and a machine learning technique to detect lung cancer. Sensors. 2018;18:2845.

44. Berna A. Metal oxide sensors for electronic noses and their application to food analysis. Sensors. 10;10:3882-910.

45. Benet J, Seo M, Khine M, Gumà Padró J, Pardo Martnez A, Kurdahi F. Breast cancer detection by analyzing the volatile organic compound (VOC) signature in human urine. Sci Rep. 2022;12:14873.

46. Ramírez W, Pillajo V, Ramírez E, Manzano I, Meza D. Exploring components, sensors, and techniques for cancer detection via eNose technology: a systematic review. Sensors. 2024;24:7868.

47. Tyagi H, Daulton E, Bannaga AS, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA. Development of electronic nose as a complementary screening tool for breath testing in colorectal cancer. Biosensors. 2025;15:82.

48. Zheng W, Pang K, Min Y, Wu D. Prospect and challenges of volatile organic compound breath testing in non-cancer gastrointestinal disorders. Biomedicines. 2024;12:1815.

49. Schuermans VNE, Li Z, Jongen ACHM, et al. Pilot study: detection of gastric cancer from exhaled air analyzed with an electronic nose in chinese patients. Surg Innov. 2018;25:429-34.

50. Capelli L, Bax C, Grizzi F, Taverna G. Optimization of training and measurement protocol for eNose analysis of urine headspace aimed at prostate cancer diagnosis. Sci Rep. 2021;11:20898.

51. Taverna G, Grizzi F, Bax C, et al. Prostate cancer risk stratification via eNose urine odor analysis: a preliminary report. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1339796.

52. Tagar MR, Soomro SP, Mastafa M, et al. Investigating the potential of non-invasive breath test analysis for early detection of oral cancer: a systematic review: non-invasive breath test for early oral cancer detection. PJHS. 2024;5:229-36.

53. Hooren MR, Leunis N, Brandsma DS, Dingemans AC, Kremer B, Kross KW. Differentiating head and neck carcinoma from lung carcinoma with an electronic nose: a proof of concept study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;273:3897-903.

54. Hakim M, Billan S, Tisch U, et al. Diagnosis of head-and-neck cancer from exhaled breath. Br J Cancer. 2011;104:1649-55.

55. Gruber M, Tisch U, Jeries R, et al. Analysis of exhaled breath for diagnosing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a feasibility study. Br J Cancer. 2014;111:790-8.

56. Goertzen A, Kidane B, Ahmed N, Aliani M. Potential urinary volatile organic compounds as screening markers in cancer - a review. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1448760.

57. Tyagi H, Daulton E, Bannaga AS, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA. Electronic nose for bladder cancer detection. Chem Proc. 2021;5:22.

58. Anzivino R, Sciancalepore PI, Dragonieri S, et al. The role of a polymer-based E-Nose in the detection of head and neck cancer from exhaled breath. Sensors. 2022;22:6485.

59. Blanchet L, Smolinska A, Baranska A, et al. Factors that influence the volatile organic compound content in human breath. J Breath Res. 2017;11:016013.

60. Berkhout DJC, Benninga MA, de Boer NKH, de Meij TG. Revival of an ancient greek art: scent detection as diagnostic tool for tuberculosis. Pediatr Res. 2018;84:4-5.

61. Ahmad B, Masoud MS, Ashfaq UA, Ansari M-ur-R, Nahid N, Qasim M. Smart E-noses for medical and clinical applications. In: Advanced Sensors for Smart Healthcare. Elsevier; 2025. pp. 231-42.

62. Selvaraj R, Vasa NJ, Nagendra SMS, Mizaikoff B. Advances in mid-infrared spectroscopy-based sensing techniques for exhaled breath diagnostics. Molecules. 2020;25:2227.

63. Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Sobus JR, Liu Q, Madden MC. Observing the human exposome as reflected in breath biomarkers: heat map data interpretation for environmental and intelligence research. J Breath Res. 2011;5:037104.

64. Sundar KM, Stark A, Morris MJ. Laryngeal dysfunction manifesting as chronic refractory cough and dyspnea: laryngeal physiology in respiratory health and disease. Chest. 2024;166:171-86.

65. Moshayedi AJ, Khan AS, Shuxin Y, et al. E-Nose design and structures from statistical analysis to application in robotic: a compressive review. EAI Endorsed Trans AI Robotics. 2023;2:e1.

66. Albastaki Y. Clustering algorithms as a tool for odour classifications in enose developments. In: Musleh Al-sartawi AM, Razzaque A, Kamal MM, editors. Artificial intelligence systems and the internet of things in the digital era. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 46-56.

67. Teixeira GG, Peres AM, Estevinho L, et al. Enose lab made with vacuum sampling: quantitative applications. Chemosensors. 2022;10:261.

68. Moshayedi AJ, Gharpure DC.

69. Liu X, Cheng S, Liu H, Hu S, Zhang D, Ning H. A survey on gas sensing technology. Sensors. 2012;12:9635-65.

70. Oates MJ, Gonzalez-teruel JD, Ruiz-abellon MC, Guillamon-frutos A, Ramos JA, Torres-sanchez R. Using a low-cost components e-Nose for basic detection of different foodstuffs. IEEE Sensors J. 2022;22:13872-81.

71. Bosch S, de Menezes RX, Pees S, et al. Electronic nose sensor drift affects diagnostic reliability and accuracy of disease-specific algorithms. Sensors. 2022;22:9246.

72. Buma AIG, Muller M, de Vries R, et al. eNose analysis for early immunotherapy response monitoring in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2021;160:36-43.

73. Binson VA, Subramoniam M, Mathew L. Prediction of lung cancer with a sensor array based e-nose system using machine learning methods. Microsyst Technol. 2024;30:1421-34.

74. Vries R, Sterk PJ. eNose breathprints as composite biomarker for real-time phenotyping of complex respiratory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146:995-6.

75. Wilson AD. Noninvasive early disease diagnosis by electronic-nose and related VOC-detection devices. Biosensors. 2020;10:73.

76. Wilson AD. Recent applications of electronic-nose technologies for the noninvasive early diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases. Proceedings. 2018;2:147.

77. Behera B, Joshi R, Anil Vishnu GK, Bhalerao S, Pandya HJ. Electronic nose: a non-invasive technology for breath analysis of diabetes and lung cancer patients. J Breath Res. 2019;13:024001.

78. Wasilewski T, Migoń D, Gębicki J, Kamysz W. Critical review of electronic nose and tongue instruments prospects in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 2019;1077:14-29.

79. Alfieri G, Modesti M, Riggi R, Bellincontro A. Recent advances and future perspectives in the E-nose technologies addressed to the wine industry. Sensors. 2024;24:2293.

80. Wilson AD, Baietto M. Applications and advances in electronic-nose technologies. Sensors. 2009;9:5099-148.

81. Ahmad B, Ashfaq UA, Mahmood-ur-rahman, et al. E-nose-based technology for healthcare. In: Nanotechnology-Based E-noses. Elsevier; 2023. pp. 241-56.

82. Goyal D, Ramgir NS. Smart electronic noses for biomedical application. In: Advanced Sensors for Smart Healthcare. Elsevier; 2025. pp. 313-27.

Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment
ISSN 2454-2857 (Online) 2394-4722 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/