REFERENCES
2. The 2007-2008 President’s Cancer Panel Report. Available from: https://deainfo.nci.nih.gov/Advisory/pcp/archive/pcp07-08rpt/ExecSum.pdf [Last accessed on 25 Feb 2022].
3. Hall SS. . Commotion in the blood. Henry Holt and Company. 1998. p. 249.
5. Tuma RS. Large trials, small gains: is change on the way? J Natl Cancer Inst 2010;102:1216-17, 1223.
6. Hall SS. . Commotion in the blood. Henry Holt and Company. 1998 p. 30.
7. Hall SS. . Commotion in the blood. Henry Holt and Company. 1998 p. 123.
8. Janssen LME, Ramsay EE, Logsdon CD, Overwijk WW. The immune system in cancer metastasis: friend or foe? J Immunother Cancer 2017;5:79.
9. Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM. Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer 2006;6:24-37.
10. Burugu S, Dancsok AR, Nielsen TO. Emerging targets in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2018;52:39-52.
11. Greten FR, Grivennikov SI. Inflammation and cancer: triggers, mechanisms, and consequences. Immunity 2019;51:27-41.
12. Lippitz BE. Cytokine patterns in patients with cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:e218-28.
13. Lippitz BE, Harris RA. Cytokine patterns in cancer patients: a review of the correlation between interleukin 6 and prognosis. Oncoimmunology 2016;5:e1093722.
15. Maverakis E, Goodarzi H, Wehrli LN, Ono Y, Garcia MS. The etiology of paraneoplastic autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012;42:135-44.
16. Whiteside TL. Immune suppression in cancer: effects on immune cells, mechanisms and future therapeutic intervention. Semin Cancer Biol 2006;16:3-15.
17. Stewart TJ, Smyth MJ. Improving cancer immunotherapy by targeting tumor-induced immune suppression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011;30:125-40.
18. Davis MM, Bjorkman PJ. T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition. Nature 1988;334:395-402.
19. Macdonald IK, Parsy-Kowalska CB, Chapman CJ. Autoantibodies: opportunities for early cancer detection. Trends Cancer 2017;3:198-213.
20. Wu J, Li X, Song W, et al. The roles and applications of autoantibodies in progression, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of human malignant tumours. Autoimmun Rev 2017;16:1270-81.
22. Piersma SJ, Welters MJ, van der Burg SH. Tumor-specific regulatory T cells in cancer patients. Hum Immunol 2008;69:241-9.
23. Chauhan R, Trivedi V. Inflammatory markers in cancer: potential resources. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2020;12:1-24.
26. Quail DF, Joyce JA. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med 2013;19:1423-37.
27. Yuan R, Li S, Geng H, et al. Reversing the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages inhibits tumor metastasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2017;49:30-7.
29. Kumar V, Patel S, Tcyganov E, Gabrilovich DI. The nature of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Trends Immunol 2016;37:208-20.
30. Berraondo P, Sanmamed MF, Ochoa MC, et al. Cytokines in clinical cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2019;120:6-15.
31. Li L, Yu R, Cai T, et al. Effects of immune cells and cytokines on inflammation and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2020;88:106939.
32. Hoekstra ME, Vijver SV, Schumacher TN. Modulation of the tumor micro-environment by CD8+ T cell-derived cytokines. Curr Opin Immunol 2021;69:65-71.
33. Arenas-Ramirez N, Woytschak J, Boyman O. Interleukin-2: biology, design and application. Trends Immunol 2015;36:763-77.
35. Montfort A, Colacios C, Levade T, Andrieu-abadie N, Meyer N, Ségui B. The TNF paradox in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019;10:1818.
36. Coventry BJ, Ashdown ML. The 20th anniversary of interleukin-2 therapy: bimodal role explaining longstanding random induction of complete clinical responses. Cancer Manag Res 2012;4:215-21.
37. Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Asano M, Itoh M, Toda M. Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol 1995;155:1151-64.
38. Kamada T, Togashi Y, Tay C, et al. PD-1+ regulatory T cells amplified by PD-1 blockade promote hyperprogression of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019;116:9999-10008.
39. Marangoni F, Zhakyp A, Corsini M, et al. Expansion of tumor-associated Treg cells upon disruption of a CTLA-4-dependent feedback loop. Cell 2021;184:3998-4015.e19.
40. Gratz IK, Rosenblum MD, Maurano MM, et al. Cutting edge: self-antigen controls the balance between effector and regulatory T cells in peripheral tissues. J Immunol 2014;192:1351-5.
41. Pinheiro DF, Szenes-Nagy AB, Maurano MM, et al. Cutting edge: tissue antigen expression levels fine-tune T cell differentiation decisions in vivo. J Immunol 2020;205:2577-82.
42. Busse D, de la Rosa M, Hobiger K, et al. Competing feedback loops shape IL-2 signaling between helper and regulatory T lymphocytes in cellular microenvironments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:3058-63.
43. McNally A, Hill GR, Sparwasser T, Thomas R, Steptoe RJ. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation by modulating IL-2 homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:7529-34.
44. Challa DK, Mi W, Lo ST, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Antigen dynamics govern the induction of CD4(+) T cell tolerance during autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016;72:84-94.
47. Kareva I. Immune suppression in pregnancy and cancer: parallels and insights. Transl Oncol 2020;13:100759.
48. Bruno V, Corrado G, Baci D, et al. Endometrial cancer immune escape mechanisms: let us learn from the fetal-maternal interface. Front Oncol 2020;10:156.
49. Nottke A. Taming the cycle: how does the pill work? Available from: https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2008/issue40/ [Last accessed on 25 Feb 2022].
50. Flemming A. Cancer: tumour-specific ablation of Treg cells induces anticancer response. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15:676-7.
51. Ohue Y, Nishikawa H. Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target? Cancer Sci 2019;110:2080-9.
52. Boyman O, Kolios AG, Raeber ME. Modulation of T cell responses by IL-2 and IL-2 complexes. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2015;33:S54-7.
53. Tran E, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. ‘Final common pathway’ of human cancer immunotherapy: targeting random somatic mutations. Nat Immunol 2017;18:255-62.
54. Shimizu K, Iyoda T, Okada M, Yamasaki S, Fujii SI. Immune suppression and reversal of the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Int Immunol 2018;30:445-54.
56. Vaes RDW, Hendriks LEL, Vooijs M, De Ruysscher D. Biomarkers of radiotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death. Cells 2021;10:930.
57. Storozynsky Q, Hitt MM. The impact of radiation-induced DNA damage on cGAS-STING-mediated immune responses to cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:8877.
58. McLaughlin M, Patin EC, Pedersen M, et al. Inflammatory microenvironment remodelling by tumour cells after radiotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2020;20:203-17.
59. Xu W, Atkinson VG, Menzies AM. Intratumoural immunotherapies in oncology. Eur J Cancer 2020;127:1-11.
60. Chavez M, Silvestrini MT, Ingham ES, et al. Distinct immune signatures in directly treated and distant tumors result from TLR adjuvants and focal ablation. Theranostics 2018;8:3611-28.
61. Yip YK, Pang RH, Oppenheim JD, et al. Stimulation of human gamma interferon production by diterpene esters. Infect Immun 1981;34:131-9.
62. Ribas A, Dummer R, Puzanov I, et al. Oncolytic virotherapy promotes intratumoral T cell infiltration and improves anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Cell 2017;170:1109-19.e10.
63. Tubin S, Khan MK, Salerno G, Mourad WF, Yan W, Jeremic B. Mono-institutional phase 2 study of innovative Stereotactic Body RadioTherapy targeting PArtial Tumor HYpoxic (SBRT-PATHY) clonogenic cells in unresectable bulky non-small cell lung cancer: profound non-targeted effects by sparing peri-tumoral immune microenvironment. Radiat Oncol 2019;14:212.
64. Markovsky E, Budhu S, Samstein RM, et al. An antitumor immune response is evoked by partial-volume single-dose radiation in 2 murine models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019;103:697-708.