REFERENCES

1. Kim WY, Kaelin WG. Role of VHL gene mutation in human cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4991-5004.

2. Gong J, Maia MC, Dizman N, Govindarajan A, Pal SK. Metastasis in renal cell carcinoma: biology and implications for therapy. Asian J Urol 2016;3:286-92.

3. Grange C, Tapparo M, Collino F, et al. Microvesicles released from human renal cancer stem cells stimulate angiogenesis and formation of lung premetastatic niche. Cancer Res 2011;71:5346-56.

4. Razorenova OV, Finger EC, Colavitti R, et al. VHL loss in renal cell carcinoma leads to up-regulation of CUB domain-containing protein 1 to stimulate PKC{delta}-driven migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:1931-6.

5. Aubert S, Fauquette V, Hémon B, et al. MUC1, a new hypoxia inducible factor target gene, is an actor in clear renal cell carcinoma tumor progression. Cancer Res 2009;69:5707-15.

6. Struckmann K, Mertz K, Steu S, et al. pVHL co-ordinately regulates CXCR4/CXCL12 and MMP2/MMP9 expression in human clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. J Pathol 2008;214:464-71.

7. Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1989;8:98-101.

8. Bianchi M, Sun M, Jeldres C, et al. Distribution of metastatic sites in renal cell carcinoma: a population-based analysis. Ann Oncol 2012;23:973-80.

9. Choueiri TK, Powles T, Burotto M, et al. CheckMate 9ER Investigators. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2021;384:829-41.

10. Motzer RJ, Penkov K, Haanen J, et al. Avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1103-15.

11. Rini BI, Plimack ER, Stus V, et al. KEYNOTE-426 Investigators. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1116-27.

12. Motzer RJ, Tannir NM, McDermott DF, et al. CheckMate 214 Investigators. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1277-90.

13. Motzer RJ, Alekseev B, Rha SY, et al. Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab or everolimus for advanced renal cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1289-300.

14. Kinnane N. Burden of bone disease. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2007;11 Suppl 2:S28-31.

15. Beuselinck B, Oudard S, Rixe O, et al. Negative impact of bone metastasis on outcome in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Ann Oncol 2011;22:794-800.

16. Santoni M, Conti A, Procopio G, et al. Bone metastases in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: are they always associated with poor prognosis? J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015;34:10.

17. Yuasa T, Urakami S, Yamamoto S, et al. Treatment outcome and prognostic factors in renal cell cancer patients with bone metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011;28:405-11.

18. Chen SC, Kuo PL. Bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:987.

19. Kume H, Kakutani S, Yamada Y, et al. Prognostic factors for renal cell carcinoma with bone metastasis: who are the long-term survivors? J Urol 2011;185:1611-4.

20. Grünwald V, Eberhardt B, Bex A, et al. An interdisciplinary consensus on the management of bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2018;15:511-21.

21. Kang M, Choi J, Kim J, et al. Prognostic impact of bone metastasis on survival outcomes in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated by first line tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a propensity-score matching analysis. J Cancer 2020;11:7202-8.

22. Steeg PS. Tumor metastasis: mechanistic insights and clinical challenges. Nat Med 2006;12:895-904.

23. Wang J, Shiozawa Y, Wang J, et al. The role of CXCR7/RDC1 as a chemokine receptor for CXCL12/SDF-1 in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2008;283:4283-94.

24. Weilbaecher KN, Guise TA, McCauley LK. Cancer to bone: a fatal attraction. Nat Rev Cancer 2011;11:411-25.

25. Trouvin AP, Goëb V. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin: maintaining the balance to prevent bone loss. Clin Interv Aging 2010;5:345-54.

26. Dougall WC, Glaccum M, Charrier K, et al. RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. Genes Dev 1999;13:2412-24.

27. Casimiro S, Ferreira AR, Mansinho A, Alho I, Costa L. Molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis: which targets came from the bench to the bedside? Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:1415.

28. Paiva R, Gomes I, Casimiro S, Fernandes I, Costa L. c-Met expression in renal cell carcinoma with bone metastases. J Bone Oncol 2020;25:100315.

29. Hass R, Jennek S, Yang Y, Friedrich K. c-Met expression and activity in urogenital cancers - novel aspects of signal transduction and medical implications. Cell Commun Signal 2017;15:10.

30. Birchmeier C, Birchmeier W, Gherardi E, Vande Woude GF. Met, metastasis, motility and more. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003;4:915-25.

31. Gibney GT, Aziz SA, Camp RL, et al. c-Met is a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2013;24:343-9.

32. Mukai S, Yorita K, Kawagoe Y, et al. Matriptase and MET are prominently expressed at the site of bone metastasis in renal cell carcinoma: immunohistochemical analysis. Hum Cell 2015;28:44-50.

33. Aisen AM, Martel W, Braunstein EM, McMillin KI, Phillips WA, Kling TF. MRI and CT evaluation of primary bone and soft-tissue tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986;146:749-56.

34. O'Sullivan GJ, Carty FL, Cronin CG. Imaging of bone metastasis: an update. World J Radiol 2015;7:202-11.

35. Hamaoka T, Madewell JE, Podoloff DA, Hortobagyi GN, Ueno NT. Bone imaging in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2942-53.

36. Rieden K. Conventional imaging and computerized tomography in diagnosis of skeletal metastases. Radiologe 1995;35:15-20.

37. Pathak AP. Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor physiology. Methods Mol Med 2006;124:279-97.

38. Yang HL, Liu T, Wang XM, Xu Y, Deng SM. Diagnosis of bone metastases: a meta-analysis comparing 18FDG PET, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy. Eur Radiol 2011;21:2604-17.

39. Fogelman I, Cook G, Israel O, Van der Wall H. Positron emission tomography and bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med 2005;35:135-42.

40. Wu HC, Yen RF, Shen YY, Kao CH, Lin CC, Lee CC. Comparing whole body 18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and technetium-99m methylene diphosphate bone scan to detect bone metastases in patients with renal cell carcinomas - a preliminary report. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2002;128:503-6.

41. Sohaib SA, Cook G, Allen SD, Hughes M, Eisen T, Gore M. Comparison of whole-body MRI and bone scintigraphy in the detection of bone metastases in renal cancer. Br J Radiol 2009;82:632-9.

42. Coleman RE. Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6243s-9s.

43. Roelofs AJ, Thompson K, Gordon S, Rogers MJ. Molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates: current status. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6222s-30s.

44. Elomaa I, Blomqvist C, Porkka L, et al. Treatment of skeletal disease in breast cancer: a controlled clodronate trial. Bone 1987;8 Suppl 1:S53-6.

45. Paterson AH, Powles TJ, Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Hanson J, Ashley S. Double-blind controlled trial of oral clodronate in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:59-65.

46. Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Porter L, et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1785-91.

47. Theriault RL, Lipton A, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Pamidronate reduces skeletal morbidity in women with advanced breast cancer and lytic bone lesions: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Protocol 18 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:846-54.

48. Rosen LS, Gordon D, Kaminski M, et al. Zoledronic acid versus pamidronate in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with breast cancer or osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma: a phase III, double-blind, comparative trial. Cancer J 2001;7:377-87.

49. Costa L. Which bisphosphonate to treat bone metastases? Lancet Oncol 2014;15:15-6.

50. Rosen LS, Gordon D, Tchekmedyian S, et al. Zoledronic acid versus placebo in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with lung cancer and other solid tumors: a phase III, double-blind, randomized trial--the Zoledronic Acid Lung Cancer and Other Solid Tumors Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3150-7.

51. Broom RJ, Hinder V, Sharples K, et al. Everolimus and zoledronic acid in patients with renal cell carcinoma with bone metastases: a randomized first-line phase II trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015;13:50-8.

52. Lipton A, Fizazi K, Stopeck AT, et al. Superiority of denosumab to zoledronic acid for prevention of skeletal-related events: a combined analysis of 3 pivotal, randomised, phase 3 trials. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:3082-309.

53. Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, et al. Bench to bedside: elucidation of the OPG-RANK-RANKL pathway and the development of denosumab. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012;11:401-19.

54. Henry DH, Costa L, Goldwasser F, et al. Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1125-32.

55. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Cella D, et al. Pazopanib versus sunitinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2013;369:722-31.

56. Costa L, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al. Denosumab and zoledronic acid treatment in patients with genitourinary cancers and bone metastases. JCO 2013;31:5079-5079.

57. Stopeck AT, Fizazi K, Body JJ, et al. Safety of long-term denosumab therapy: results from the open label extension phase of two phase 3 studies in patients with metastatic breast and prostate cancer. Support Care Cancer 2016;24:447-55.

58. Guillot A, Joly C, Barthélémy P, et al. Denosumab toxicity when combined with anti-angiogenic therapies on patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a GETUG study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019;17:e38-43.

59. Fusco V, Porta C, Saia G, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with bisphosphonates and targeted agents: results of an italian multicenter study and review of the literature. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015;13:287-94.

60. McKay RR, Bossé D, Gray KP, et al. Radium-223 dichloride in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeting therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma with bone metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24:4081-8.

61. Beisland C, Johannesen TB, Klepp O, et al. Overall survival in renal cell carcinoma after introduction of targeted therapies: a Norwegian population-based study. Onco Targets Ther 2017;10:371-85.

62. Chang AJ, Zhao L, Zhu Z, et al. The past, present and future of immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res 2019;39:2683-7.

63. Schultze-Seemann W, Schulz H, Tschechne B, Häckl M. Bevacizumab plus IFN-alpha-2a in first-line treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a prospective German non-interventional study. Anticancer Res 2019;39:875-82.

64. Maita, S. et al. Antitumor effect of sunitinib against skeletal metastatic renal cell carcinoma through inhibition of osteoclast function. Int J Cancer 2012;130:677-84.

65. Kalra S, Verma J, Atkinson BJ, et al. Outcomes of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and bone metastases in the targeted therapy era. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017;15:363-70.

66. Zołnierek J, Nurzyński P, Langiewicz P, et al. Efficacy of targeted therapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma with pre-existing or new bone metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010;136:371-78.

67. Choueiri TK, Escudier B, Powles T, et al. METEOR Investigators. Cabozantinib versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1814-23.

68. Escudier B, Powles T, Motzer RJ, et al. Cabozantinib, a New Standard of care for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and bone metastases? J Clin Oncol 2018;36:765-72.

69. Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, et al. CheckMate 025 Investigators. Nivolumab versus everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1803-13.

70. Fioramonti M, Santini D, Iuliani M, et al. Cabozantinib targets bone microenvironment modulating human osteoclast and osteoblast functions. Oncotarget 2017;8:20113-21.

71. Escudier B, Sharma P, McDermott DF, et al. CheckMate 025 investigators. CheckMate 025 randomized phase 3 study: outcomes by key baseline factors and prior therapy for nivolumab versus everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2017;72:962-71.

72. Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group. Denosumab and pembrolizumab in clear cell renal carcinoma: a Phase II Trial (ANZUP 1601). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03280667 [Last accessed on 6 Jul 2021].

73. Motzer RJ, Jonasch E, Michaelson MD, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: kidney cancer, version 2.2020. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2019;17:1278-85.

74. Zelefsky MJ, Greco C, Motzer R, et al. Tumor control outcomes after hypofractionated and single-dose stereotactic image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for extracranial metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;82:1744-8.

75. Jhaveri PM, Teh BS, Paulino AC, et al. A dose-response relationship for time to bone pain resolution after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) bony metastases. Acta Oncol 2012;51:584-8.

76. Wang XS, Rhines LD, Shiu AS, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for management of spinal metastases in patients without spinal cord compression: a phase 1-2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:395-402.

77. Dabestani S, Marconi L, Hofmann F, et al. Local treatments for metastases of renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:e549-61.

78. Du Y, Pahernik S, Hadaschik B, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of patients with renal cell cancer with bone metastasis in the era of targeted therapy: a single-institution analysis. Urol Oncol 2016;34:433.e1-8.

79. Kato S, Murakami H, Demura S, et al. Spinal metastasectomy of renal cell carcinoma: a 16-year single center experience with a minimum 3-year follow-up. J Surg Oncol 2016;113:587-92.

80. Hunter GK, Balagamwala EH, Koyfman SA, et al. The efficacy of external beam radiotherapy and stereotactic body radiotherapy for painful spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Pract Radiat Oncol 2012;2:e95-e100.

81. Teyssonneau D, Gross-Goupil M, Domblides C, et al. Treatment of spinal metastases in renal cell carcinoma: a critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018;125:19-29.

Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment
ISSN 2454-2857 (Online) 2394-4722 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/