REFERENCES
2. Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, Check D, Kitahara CM. Trends in thyroid cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1974-2013. JAMA 2017;317:1338-48.
3. Valerio L, Pieruzzi L, Giani C, et al. Targeted therapy in thyroid cancer: State of the art. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2017;29:316-24.
5. Kebebew E, Weng J, Bauer J, et al. The prevalence and prognostic value of BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Ann Surg 2007;246:466-70; discussion 470.
6. Shinohara M, Chung YJ, Saji M, Ringel MD. AKT in thyroid tumorigenesis and progression. Endocrinology 2007;148:942-7.
7. Liu Z, Hou P, Ji M, et al. Highly prevalent genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:3106-16.
8. Landa I, Ganly I, Chan TA, et al. Frequent somatic TERT promoter mutations in thyroid cancer: higher prevalence in advanced forms of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E1562-6.
9. Landa I, Ibrahimpasic T, Boucai L, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic hallmarks of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers. J Clin Invest 2016;126:1052-66.
10. Jayarangaiah A, Sidhu G, Brown J, et al. Therapeutic options for advanced thyroid cancer. Int J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;5:26-34.
11. Pereira M, Williams VL, Hallanger Johnson J, Valderrabano P. Thyroid cancer incidence trends in the United States: association with changes in professional guideline recommendations. Thyroid 2020;30:1132-40.
12. Zarou MM, Vazquez A, Vignir Helgason G. Folate metabolism: a re-emerging therapeutic target in haematological cancers. Leukemia 2021;35:1539-51.
13. Ferreira LM, Hebrant A, Dumont JE. Metabolic reprogramming of the tumor. Oncogene 2012;31:3999-4011.
15. Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM. . Lehninger principles of biochemistry. London: Macmillan; 2008.
16. Haber RS, Weiser KR, Pritsker A, Reder I, Burstein DE. GLUT1 glucose transporter expression in benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Thyroid 1997;7:363-7.
17. Jóźwiak P, Krześlak A, Bryś M, Lipińska A. Glucose-dependent glucose transporter 1 expression and its impact on viability of thyroid cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015;33:913-20.
18. Coelho RG, Fortunato RS, Carvalho DP. Metabolic reprogramming in thyroid carcinoma. Front Oncol 2018;8:82.
19. Heydarzadeh S, Moshtaghie AA, Daneshpoor M, Hedayati M. Regulators of glucose uptake in thyroid cancer cell lines. Cell Commun Signal 2020;18:83.
20. Suh HY, Choi H, Paeng JC, Cheon GJ, Chung JK, Kang KW. Comprehensive gene expression analysis for exploring the association between glucose metabolism and differentiation of thyroid cancer. BMC Cancer 2019;19:1260.
21. Ciampi R, Vivaldi A, Romei C, et al. Expression analysis of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines and primary tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008;291:57-62.
22. Nomura M, Takahashi T, Nagata N, et al. Inhibitory mechanisms of flavonoids on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in MC3T3-G2/PA6 adipose cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2008;31:1403-9.
23. Maurya AK, Vinayak M. PI-103 and quercetin attenuate PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in T-cell lymphoma exposed to hydrogen peroxide. PLoS One 2016;11:e0160686.
24. Hamilton KE, Rekman JF, Gunnink LK, et al. Quercetin inhibits glucose transport by binding to an exofacial site on GLUT1. Biochimie 2018;151:107-14.
25. Mutlu Altundağ E, Kasacı T, Yılmaz AM, et al. Quercetin-induced cell death in human papillary thyroid cancer (B-CPAP) cells. J Thyroid Res 2016;2016:9843675.
26. Ruan M, Liu M, Dong Q, Chen L. Iodide- and glucose-handling gene expression regulated by sorafenib or cabozantinib in papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:1771-9.
27. Reckzeh ES, Karageorgis G, Schwalfenberg M, et al. Inhibition of glucose transporters and glutaminase synergistically impairs tumor cell growth. Cell Chem Biol 2019;26:1214-1228.e25.
28. Nahm JH, Kim HM, Koo JS. Glycolysis-related protein expression in thyroid cancer. Tumour Biol 2017;39:1010428317695922.
29. Sandulache VC, Skinner HD, Wang Y, et al. Glycolytic inhibition alters anaplastic thyroid carcinoma tumor metabolism and improves response to conventional chemotherapy and radiation. Mol Cancer Ther 2012;11:1373-80.
30. Wang SY, Wei YH, Shieh DB, et al. 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose can complement doxorubicin and sorafenib to suppress the growth of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2015;10:e0130959.
31. Bikas A, Jensen K, Patel A, et al. Glucose-deprivation increases thyroid cancer cells sensitivity to metformin. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015;22:919-32.
32. Dima M, Miller KA, Antico-Arciuch VG, Di Cristofano A. Establishment and characterization of cell lines from a novel mouse model of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: powerful tools for basic and preclinical research. Thyroid 2011;21:1001-7.
33. O'Sullivan D, Sanin DE, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL. Metabolic interventions in the immune response to cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2019;19:324-35.
34. Patel CH, Leone RD, Horton MR, Powell JD. Targeting metabolism to regulate immune responses in autoimmunity and cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019;18:669-88.
35. . King, M. Integrative medical biochemistry: examination and board review. McGraw-Hill; 2014.
36. Kumagai S, Narasaki R, Hasumi K. Glucose-dependent active ATP depletion by koningic acid kills high-glycolytic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;365:362-8.
37. Su X, Shen Z, Yang Q, et al. Vitamin C kills thyroid cancer cells through ROS-dependent inhibition of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways via distinct mechanisms. Theranostics 2019;9:4461-73.
38. Chen M, Shen M, Li Y, et al. GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis of human papillary thyroid carcinoma tissue. Int J Mol Med 2015;36:1607-14.
39. Yu W, Yang Z, Huang R, Min Z, Ye M. SIRT6 promotes the Warburg effect of papillary thyroid cancer cell BCPAP through reactive oxygen species. Onco Targets Ther 2019;12:2861-8.
40. Vizin T, Kos J. Gamma-enolase: a well-known tumour marker, with a less-known role in cancer. Radiol Oncol 2015;49:217-26.
41. Mazurek S. Pyruvate kinase type M2: a key regulator of the metabolic budget system in tumor cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011;43:969-80.
42. Chen X, Chen S, Yu D. Protein kinase function of pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020;20:523.
43. Zhang Z, Deng X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Sun L, Chen F. PKM2, function and expression and regulation. Cell Biosci 2019:9.
44. Yang J, Liu H, Liu X, Gu C, Luo R, Chen HF. Synergistic allosteric mechanism of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and serine for pyruvate kinase M2 via dynamics fluctuation network analysis. J Chem Inf Model 2016;56:1184-92.
45. Chaneton B, Hillmann P, Zheng L, et al. Serine is a natural ligand and allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase M2. Nature 2012;491:458-62.
46. Keller KE, Doctor ZM, Dwyer ZW, Lee YS. SAICAR induces protein kinase activity of PKM2 that is necessary for sustained proliferative signaling of cancer cells. Mol Cell 2014;53:700-9.
47. Yang Q, Ji M, Guan H, Shi B, Hou P. Shikonin inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth and invasiveness through targeting major signaling pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E1909-17.
48. Zhao X, Zhu Y, Hu J, et al. Shikonin inhibits tumor growth in mice by suppressing pyruvate kinase M2-mediated aerobic glycolysis. Sci Rep 2018;8:14517.
49. Feng C, Gao Y, Wang C, et al. Aberrant overexpression of pyruvate kinase M2 is associated with aggressive tumor features and the BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E1524-33.
50. Gao Y, Yang F, Yang XA, et al. Mitochondrial metabolism is inhibited by the HIF1α-MYC-PGC-1β axis in BRAF V600E thyroid cancer. FEBS J 2019;286:1420-36.
51. Mirebeau-Prunier D, Le Pennec S, Jacques C, et al. Estrogen-related receptor alpha modulates lactate dehydrogenase activity in thyroid tumors. PLoS One 2013;8:e58683.
52. Kachel P, Trojanowicz B, Sekulla C, Prenzel H, Dralle H, Hoang-Vu C. Phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase M2 and lactate dehydrogenase A by fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in benign and malignant thyroid tissue. BMC Cancer 2015;15:140.
53. Coelho RG, Cazarin JM, Cavalcanti de Albuquerque JP, de Andrade BM, Carvalho DP. Differential glycolytic profile and Warburg effect in papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Oncol Rep 2016;36:3673-81.
54. Gill KS, Tassone P, Hamilton J, et al. Thyroid cancer metabolism: a review. J Thyroid Disord Ther 2016;5:200.
55. Johnson JM, Lai SY, Cotzia P, et al. Mitochondrial metabolism as a treatment target in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Semin Oncol 2015;42:915-22.
56. Fu Y, Liu S, Yin S, et al. The reverse Warburg effect is likely to be an Achilles' heel of cancer that can be exploited for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017;8:57813-25.
57. Rousset M, Zweibaum A, Fogh J. Presence of glycogen and growth-related variations in 58 cultured human tumor cell lines of various tissue origins. Cancer Res 1981;41:1165-70.
58. Zois CE, Harris AL. Glycogen metabolism has a key role in the cancer microenvironment and provides new targets for cancer therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016;94:137-54.
59. Shulman RG, Rothman DL. The glycogen shunt maintains glycolytic homeostasis and the warburg effect in cancer. Trends Cancer 2017;3:761-7.
62. Carcangiu ML, Sibley RK, Rosai J. Clear cell change in primary thyroid tumors. A study of 38 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:705-22.
63. Pelletier J, Bellot G, Gounon P, Lacas-Gervais S, Pouysségur J, Mazure NM. Glycogen synthesis is induced in hypoxia by the hypoxia-inducible factor and promotes cancer cell survival. Front Oncol 2012;2:18.
64. Adeva-Andany MM, González-Lucán M, Donapetry-García C, Fernández-Fernández C, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E. Glycogen metabolism in humans. BBA Clin 2016;5:85-100.
65. Andersen B, Rassov A, Westergaard N, Lundgren K. Inhibition of glycogenolysis in primary rat hepatocytes by 1, 4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol. Biochem J 1999;342 Pt 3:545-50.
66. Jakobsen P, Lundbeck JM, Kristiansen M, et al. Iminosugars: potential inhibitors of liver glycogen phosphorylase. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2001;9:733-44.
67. Martin WH, Hoover DJ, Armento SJ, et al. Discovery of a human liver glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor that lowers blood glucose in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:1776-81.
68. Schnier JB, Nishi K, Monks A, Gorin FA, Bradbury E. Inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) by CP-91,149 induces growth inhibition correlating with brain GP expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2003;309:126-34.
69. Barot S, Abo-Ali EM, Zhou DL, Palaguachi C, Dukhande VV. Inhibition of glycogen catabolism induces intrinsic apoptosis and augments multikinase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2019;381:288-300.
70. Schnier JB, Nishi K, Gumerlock PH, Gorin FA, Bradbury EM. Glycogen synthesis correlates with androgen-dependent growth arrest in prostate cancer. BMC Urol 2005;5:6.
71. Sanchez-Sanchez AM, Antolin I, Puente-Moncada N, et al. Melatonin cytotoxicity is associated to warburg effect inhibition in ewing sarcoma cells. PLoS One 2015;10:e0135420.
72. Lee WN, Guo P, Lim S, et al. Metabolic sensitivity of pancreatic tumour cell apoptosis to glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor treatment. Br J Cancer 2004;91:2094-100.
74. Jiang P, Du W, Wu M. Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway in cancer. Protein Cell 2014;5:592-602.
75. Liu CL, Hsu YC, Lee JJ, et al. Targeting the pentose phosphate pathway increases reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020;499:110595.
76. Ma L, Cheng Q. Inhibiting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reverses doxorubicin resistance in anaplastic thyroid cancer via inhibiting NADPH-dependent metabolic reprogramming. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018;498:912-7.
77. Giusti L, Iacconi P, Ciregia F, et al. Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: proteomic analysis to identify cancer biomarkers. J Proteome Res 2008;7:4079-88.
78. Potter M, Newport E, Morten KJ. The Warburg effect: 80 years on. Biochem Soc Trans 2016;44:1499-505.
79. Vaupel P, Schmidberger H, Mayer A. The Warburg effect: essential part of metabolic reprogramming and central contributor to cancer progression. Int J Radiat Biol 2019;95:912-9.
80. Mishra D, Banerjee D. Lactate dehydrogenases as metabolic links between tumor and stroma in the tumor microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11:750.
81. Schell JC, Olson KA, Jiang L, et al. A role for the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier as a repressor of the Warburg effect and colon cancer cell growth. Mol Cell 2014;56:400-13.
82. Liberti MV, Locasale JW. The warburg effect: how does it benefit cancer cells? Trends Biochem Sci 2016;41:211-8.
83. Lao-On U, Attwood PV, Jitrapakdee S. Roles of pyruvate carboxylase in human diseases: from diabetes to cancers and infection. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018;96:237-47.
84. Vincent EE, Sergushichev A, Griss T, et al. Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase regulates metabolic adaptation and enables glucose-independent tumor growth. Mol Cell 2015;60:195-207.
85. Liu S, Zhang D, Chen L, Gao S, Huang X. Long non-coding RNA BRM promotes proliferation and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma by regulating the microRNA-331-3p/SLC25A1 axis. Oncol Lett 2020;19:3071-8.
86. Losman JA, Kaelin WG Jr. What a difference a hydroxyl makes: mutant IDH, (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate, and cancer. Genes Dev 2013;27:836-52.
87. Reiter-Brennan C, Semmler L, Klein A. The effects of 2-hydroxyglutarate on the tumorigenesis of gliomas. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2018;22:215-22.
89. Murugan AK, Bojdani E, Xing M. Identification and functional characterization of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations in thyroid cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010;393:555-9.
90. Hemerly JP, Bastos AU, Cerutti JM. Identification of several novel non-p.R132 IDH1 variants in thyroid carcinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;163:747-55.
91. Rakheja D, Boriack RL, Mitui M, Khokhar S, Holt SA, Kapur P. Papillary thyroid carcinoma shows elevated levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate. Tumour Biol 2011;32:325-33.
92. Laurenti G, Tennant DA. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), fumarate hydratase (FH): three players for one phenotype in cancer? Biochem Soc Trans 2016;44:1111-6.
93. Dalla Pozza E, Dando I, Pacchiana R, et al. Regulation of succinate dehydrogenase and role of succinate in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020;98:4-14.
94. Ni Y, Seballos S, Ganapathi S, et al. Germline and somatic SDHx alterations in apparently sporadic differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015;22:121-30.
97. Currie E, Schulze A, Zechner R, Walther TC, Farese RV Jr. Cellular fatty acid metabolism and cancer. Cell Metab 2013;18:153-61.
98. Carracedo A, Cantley LC, Pandolfi PP. Cancer metabolism: fatty acid oxidation in the limelight. Nat Rev Cancer 2013;13:227-32.
99. Li Z, Zhang H. Reprogramming of glucose, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism for cancer progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016;73:377-92.
100. von Roemeling CA, Marlow LA, Pinkerton AB, et al. Aberrant lipid metabolism in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma reveals stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 as a novel therapeutic target. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:E697-709.
101. Roemeling CA, Copland JA. Targeting lipid metabolism for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016;20:159-66.
102. Kim H, Butt M, Brose M. . Acetyl coa carboxylase: a potential therapeutic target in thyroid cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68:2370.
103. Li EQ, Zhao W, Zhang C, et al. Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of ND-646 and its derivatives as acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019;137:105010.
104. Wang R, Cheng Y, Su D, et al. Cpt1c regulated by AMPK promotes papillary thyroid carcinomas cells survival under metabolic stress conditions. J Cancer 2017;8:3675-81.
105. Giordano TJ, Au AY, Kuick R, et al. Delineation, functional validation, and bioinformatic evaluation of gene expression in thyroid follicular carcinomas with the PAX8-PPARG translocation. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:1983-93.
106. Parker CG, Kuttruff CA, Galmozzi A, et al. Chemical proteomics identifies SLC25A20 as a functional target of the ingenol class of actinic keratosis drugs. ACS Cent Sci 2017;3:1276-85.
107. Locasale JW. Serine, glycine and one-carbon units: cancer metabolism in full circle. Nat Rev Cancer 2013;13:572-83.
109. Maddocks OD, Labuschagne CF, Adams PD, Vousden KH. Serine metabolism supports the methionine cycle and DNA/RNA methylation through de novo ATP synthesis in cancer cells. Mol Cell 2016;61:210-21.
110. Newman AC, Maddocks ODK. Serine and functional metabolites in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2017;27:645-57.
111. Shuvalov O, Petukhov A, Daks A, Fedorova O, Vasileva E, Barlev NA. One-carbon metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis as attractive targets for anticancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017;8:23955-77.
112. Wang H, Wang X, Xu L, Zhang J, Cao H. High expression levels of pyrimidine metabolic rate-limiting enzymes are adverse prognostic factors in lung adenocarcinoma: a study based on The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Purinergic Signal 2020;16:347-66.
113. He Q, Liu W, Sha S, et al. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-dependent mTOR pathway is involved in flavokawain B-induced autophagy in thyroid cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2018;109:2576-89.
114. Voigt W, Kegel T, Weiss M, Mueller T, Simon H, Schmoll HJ. Potential activity of paclitaxel, vinorelbine and gemcitabine in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005;131:585-90.
115. Spano JP, Vano Y, Vignot S, et al. GEMOX regimen in the treatment of metastatic differentiated refractory thyroid carcinoma. Med Oncol 2012;29:1421-8.
116. Celano M, Calvagno MG, Bulotta S, et al. Cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine-loaded liposomes in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2004;4:63.
117. Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, biochemical actions, and chemical synthesis of anticancer nucleosides, nucleotides, and base analogs. Chem Rev 2016;116:14379-455.
118. Amini SK. Relative populations of some tautomeric forms of 2'-deoxyguanosine-5-fluorouridine mismatch. J Phys Chem B 2018;122:4433-44.
119. Hu CM, Yeh MT, Tsao N, et al. Tumor cells require thymidylate kinase to prevent dUTP incorporation during DNA repair. Cancer Cell 2012;22:36-50.
120. Hossain MA, Asa TA, Rahman MM, et al. Network-based genetic profiling reveals cellular pathway differences between follicular thyroid carcinoma and follicular thyroid adenoma. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:1373.
121. Gangjee A, Jain HD. Antifolates -- past, present and future. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 2004;4:405-10.
122. Hanauske AR, Lahn M, Musib LC, et al. Phase Ib safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of daily and twice daily oral enzastaurin in combination with pemetrexed in advanced/metastatic cancer. Ann Oncol 2009;20:1565-75.
123. Pate JD, Gilbert CM, Bonucchi JT. Eradication of papillary thyroid carcinoma in a patient receiving pemetrexed and bevacizumAB. AACE Clin Case Rep 2020;6:e247-51.
124. Sun WY, Kim HM, Jung WH, Koo JS. Expression of serine/glycine metabolism-related proteins is different according to the thyroid cancer subtype. J Transl Med 2016;14:168.
125. Jeon MJ, You MH, Han JM, et al. High phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase expression induces stemness and aggressiveness in thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2020;30:1625-38.
126. Liao L, Ge M, Zhan Q, et al. PSPH mediates the metastasis and proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer through MAPK signaling pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2019;15:183-94.
127. Gao S, Ge A, Xu S, et al. PSAT1 is regulated by ATF4 and enhances cell proliferation via the GSK3β/β-catenin/cyclin D1 signaling pathway in ER-negative breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2017;36:179.
128. Dekhne AS, Hou Z, Gangjee A, Matherly LH. Therapeutic targeting of mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism in Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther ;2020:molcanther.
129. Wise DR, Thompson CB. Glutamine addiction: a new therapeutic target in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2010;35:427-33.
130. Kandasamy P, Gyimesi G, Kanai Y, Hediger MA. Amino acid transporters revisited: New views in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2018;43:752-89.
131. Kim HM, Lee YK, Koo JS. Expression of glutamine metabolism-related proteins in thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2016;7:53628-41.
132. Chen L, Cui H. Targeting glutamine induces apoptosis: a cancer therapy approach. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:22830-55.
133. Chiu M, Sabino C, Taurino G, et al. GPNA inhibits the sodium-independent transport system L for neutral amino acids. Amino Acids 2017;49:1365-72.
134. Schulte ML, Fu A, Zhao P, et al. Pharmacological blockade of ASCT2-dependent glutamine transport leads to antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. Nat Med 2018;24:194-202.
135. Jin H, Wang S, Zaal EA, et al. A powerful drug combination strategy targeting glutamine addiction for the treatment of human liver cancer. Elife 2020;9:e56749.
136. Kebebew E, Wong MG, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH. Phenylacetate inhibits growth and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in human thyroid carcinoma cells and modulates their differentiated function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2840-7.
137. Häfliger P, Graff J, Rubin M, et al. The LAT1 inhibitor JPH203 reduces growth of thyroid carcinoma in a fully immunocompetent mouse model. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018;37:234.
138. Enomoto K, Sato F, Tamagawa S, et al. A novel therapeutic approach for anaplastic thyroid cancer through inhibition of LAT1. Sci Rep 2019;9:14616.
139. Saha SK, Islam SMR, Abdullah-Al-Wadud M, Islam S, Ali F, Park KS. Multiomics analysis reveals that GLS and GLS2 differentially modulate the clinical outcomes of cancer. J Clin Med 2019;8:355.
140. Yu Y, Yu X, Fan C, et al. Targeting glutaminase-mediated glutamine dependence in papillary thyroid cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018;96:777-90.
141. Patel D, King T, Kebebew E, Nilubol N, Boufraqech M. Glutamine metabolism is a new potential therapeutic target in aggressive thyroid cancer. J Endocr Soc 2019:3.
142. De Amicis F, Perri A, Vizza D, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits growth and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2013;228:2054-62.
143. Zaballos MA, Santisteban P. Key signaling pathways in thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol 2017;235:R43-61.
144. Carnero A, Blanco-Aparicio C, Renner O, Link W, Leal JF. The PTEN/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in cancer, therapeutic implications. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2008;8:187-98.
145. Lien EC, Lyssiotis CA, Cantley LC. Metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 2016;207:39-72.
146. Hoxhaj G, Manning BD. The PI3K-AKT network at the interface of oncogenic signalling and cancer metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer 2020;20:74-88.
147. Chen G, Nicula D, Renko K, Derwahl M. Synergistic anti-proliferative effect of metformin and sorafenib on growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells and their stem cells. Oncol Rep 2015;33:1994-2000.
148. Plews RL, Mohd Yusof A, Wang C, et al. A novel dual AMPK activator/mTOR inhibitor inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:E748-56.
149. Metformin hydrochloride in mitigating side effects of radioactive iodine treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03109847. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03109847 [Last accessed on 23 Jun 2021].
150. Bachireddy P, Bendapudi PK, Felsher DW. Getting at MYC through RAS. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:4278-81.
151. Miller DM, Thomas SD, Islam A, Muench D, Sedoris K. c-Myc and cancer metabolism. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:5546-53.
152. Laplante M, Sabatini DM. Regulation of mTORC1 and its impact on gene expression at a glance. J Cell Sci 2013;126:1713-9.
153. Lee T, Yao G, Nevins J, You L. Sensing and integration of Erk and PI3K signals by Myc. PLoS Comput Biol 2008;4:e1000013.
154. Enomoto K, Zhu X, Park S, et al. Targeting MYC as a therapeutic intervention for anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:2268-80.
155. Sakr HI, Chute DJ, Nasr C, Sturgis CD. cMYC expression in thyroid follicular cell-derived carcinomas: a role in thyroid tumorigenesis. Diagn Pathol 2017;12:71.
156. Ko YH, Verhoeven HA, Lee MJ, Corbin DJ, Vogl TJ, Pedersen PL. A translational study "case report" on the small molecule "energy blocker" 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) as a potent anticancer agent: from bench side to bedside. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012;44:163-70.
157. Saini S, Tulla K, Maker AV, Burman KD, Prabhakar BS. Therapeutic advances in anaplastic thyroid cancer: a current perspective. Mol Cancer 2018;17:154.
158. Park C, Perini J, Farmer RW, Fancy T, Monga M, Remick SC. Sorafenib and thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014;9:561-70.
159. Krajewska J, Handkiewicz-Junak D, Jarzab B. Sorafenib for the treatment of thyroid cancer: an updated review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015;16:573-83.
160. Borson-Chazot F, Dantony E, Illouz F, et al. Effect of buparlisib, a pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, in refractory follicular and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2018;28:1174-9.
161. Schneider TC, de Wit D, Links TP, et al. Everolimus in patients with advanced follicular-derived thyroid cancer: results of a phase II clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:698-707.
162. Hanna GJ, Busaidy NL, Chau NG, et al. Genomic correlates of response to everolimus in aggressive radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer: a phase II study. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24:1546-53.
163. Harris EJ, Hanna GJ, Chau N, et al. Everolimus in anaplastic thyroid cancer: a case series. Front Oncol 2019;9:106.
