REFERENCES
1. Coatesworth AP, Tsikoudas A, MacLennan K. The cause of death in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol 2002;116:269-71.
2. Leemans CR, Tiwari R, Nauta JPJ, Van der Waal I, Snow GB. Regional lymph node involvement and its significance in the development of distant metastases in head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 1993;71:452-6.
3. Calhoun KH, Fulmer P, Weiss R, Hokanson JA. Distant metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Laryngoscope 1994;104:1199-205.
4. Carvalho MB. Quantitative analysis of the extent of extracapsular invasion and its prognostic significance: a prospective study of 170 cases of carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. Head Neck 1998;20:16-21.
5. Wreesmann VB, Katabi N, Palmer FL, et al. Influence of extracapsular nodal spread extent on prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2016;38 Suppl 1:E1192-9.
6. Clark J, Li W, Smith G, et al. Outcome of treatment for advanced cervical metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2005;27:87-94.
7. Lewis JS Jr, Carpenter DH, Thorstad WL, Zhang Q, Haughey BH. Extracapsular extension is a poor predictor of disease recurrence in surgically treated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2011;24:1413-20.
8. Dünne AA, Müller HH, Eisele DW, Kessel K, Moll R, Werner JA. Meta-analysis of the prognostic significance of perinodal spread in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) patients. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:1863-8.
9. de Almeida JR, Truong T, Khan NM, et al. Treatment implications of postoperative chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity with minor and major extranodal extension. Oral Oncol 2020;110:104845.
10. Bernier J, Cooper JS, Pajak TF, et al. Defining risk levels in locally advanced head and neck cancers: a comparative analysis of concurrent postoperative radiation plus chemotherapy trials of the EORTC (#22931) and RTOG (# 9501). Head Neck 2005;27:843-50.
11. Alvi A, Johnson JT. Extracapsular spread in the clinically negative neck (N0): implications and outcome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;114:65-70.
12. Prabhu RS, Hanasoge S, Magliocca KR, et al. Extent of pathologic extracapsular extension and outcomes in patients with nonoropharyngeal head and neck cancer treated with initial surgical resection. Cancer 2014;120:1499-506.
13. Huang SH, O'Sullivan B. Overview of the 8th edition TNM classification for head and neck cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017;18:40.
14. Greenberg JS, Fowler R, Gomez J, et al. Extent of extracapsular spread: a critical prognosticator in oral tongue cancer. Cancer 2003;97:1464-70.
15. Shaw RJ, Lowe D, Woolgar JA, et al. Extracapsular spread in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2010;32:714-22.
16. Carlton JA, Maxwell AW, Bauer LB, et al. Computed tomography detection of extracapsular spread of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in metastatic cervical lymph nodes. Neuroradiol J 2017;30:222-9.
17. Faraji F, Aygun N, Coquia SF, et al. Computed tomography performance in predicting extranodal extension in HPV-positive oropharynx cancer. Laryngoscope 2020;130:1479-86.
18. Lee B, Choi YJ, Kim SO, et al. Prognostic value of radiologic extranodal extension in human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Korean J Radiol 2019;20:1266-74.
19. Patel MR, Hudgins PA, Beitler JJ, et al. Radiographic imaging does not reliably predict macroscopic extranodal extension in human papilloma virus-associated oropharyngeal cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2018;80:85-95.
20. Randall DR, Lysack JT, Hudon ME, et al. Diagnostic utility of central node necrosis in predicting extracapsular spread among oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015;37:92-6.
21. Almulla A, Noel CW, Lu L, et al. Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of extranodal extension in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: implications for future editions of the TNM classification. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018;102:698-708.
22. Chai RL, Rath TJ, Johnson JT, et al. Accuracy of computed tomography in the prediction of extracapsular spread of lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;139:1187-94.
23. Geltzeiler M, Clayburgh D, Gleysteen J, et al. Predictors of extracapsular extension in HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer treated surgically. Oral Oncol 2017;65:89-93.
24. Kann BH, Aneja S, Loganadane GV, et al. Pretreatment identification of head and neck cancer nodal metastasis and extranodal extension using deep learning neural networks. Sci Rep 2018;8:14036.
25. King AD, Tse GM, Yuen EH, et al. Comparison of CT and MR imaging for the detection of extranodal neoplastic spread in metastatic neck nodes. Eur J Radiol 2004;52:264-70.
26. Noor A, Mintz J, Patel S, et al. Predictive value of computed tomography in identifying extracapsular spread of cervical lymph node metastases in p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2019;63:500-9.
27. Park SI, Guenette JP, Suh CH, et al. The diagnostic performance of CT and MRI for detecting extranodal extension in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2021;31:2048-61.
28. Prabhu RS, Magliocca KR, Hanasoge S, et al. Accuracy of computed tomography for predicting pathologic nodal extracapsular extension in patients with head-and-neck cancer undergoing initial surgical resection. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014;88:122-9.
29. Sharma A, Jaiswal AA, Umredkar G, et al. Lymph node central necrosis on the computed tomography as the predictor of the extra capsular spread in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017;69:323-32.
30. Souter MA, Allison RS, Clarkson JH, Cowan IA, Coates MH, Wells JE. Sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography for detection of extranodal spread from metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol 2009;123:778-82.
31. Url C, Schartinger VH, Riechelmann H, et al. Radiological detection of extracapsular spread in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cervical metastases. Eur J Radiol 2013;82:1783-7.
32. Zoumalan RA, Kleinberger AJ, Morris LG, et al. Lymph node central necrosis on computed tomography as predictor of extracapsular spread in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: pilot study. J Laryngol Otol 2010;124:1284-8.
33. Frood R, Palkhi E, Barnfield M, Prestwich R, Vaidyanathan S, Scarsbrook A. Can MR textural analysis improve the prediction of extracapsular nodal spread in patients with oral cavity cancer? Eur Radiol 2018;28:5010-8.
34. Hao SP, Ng SH. Magnetic resonance imaging versus clinical palpation in evaluating cervical metastasis from head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:324-7.
35. Kimura Y, Sumi M, Sakihama N, Tanaka F, Takahashi H, Nakamura T. MR imaging criteria for the prediction of extranodal spread of metastatic cancer in the neck. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:1355-9.
36. Lodder WL, Lange CA, van Velthuysen ML, et al. Can extranodal spread in head and neck cancer be detected on MR imaging. Oral Oncol 2013;49:626-33.
37. Moreno KF, Cornelius RS, Lucas FV, Meinzen-Derr J, Patil YJ. Using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in the pre-operative evaluation of tongue carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol 2017;131:793-800.
38. Steinkamp HJ, Beck A, Werk M, Rademaker J, Felix R. [Extracapsular spread of cervical lymph node metastases: diagnostic relevance of ultrasound examinations]. Ultraschall Med 2003;24:323-30.
39. Qualliotine JR, Coquia SF, Hamper UM, Fakhry C. Association of ultrasound characteristics with extranodal extension in metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016;142:263-9.
40. Kann BH, Hicks DF, Payabvash S, et al. Multi-institutional validation of deep learning for pretreatment identification of extranodal extension in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:1304-11.
41. Haider SP, Burtness B, Yarbrough WG, Payabvash S. Applications of radiomics in precision diagnosis, prognostication and treatment planning of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancers Head Neck 2020;5:6.
42. Sandulache VC, Michikawa C, Kataria P, et al. High-risk TP53 mutations are associated with extranodal extension in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24:1727-33.
43. Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020;6:92.
44. Wang J, Chen X, Tian Y, et al. Six-gene signature for predicting survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12:767-83.
