REFERENCES
2. McGranahan T, Nagpal S. A neuro-oncologist’s perspective on management of brain metastases in patients with EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017;18:22.
3. Waqar SN, Samson PP, Robinson CG, Bradley J, Devarakonda S, et al. Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastasis at presentation. Clin Lung Cancer 2018;19:e373-e9.
4. Quan AL, Videtic GM, Suh JH. Brain metastases in small cell lung cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2004;18:961-72. discussion 74, 79-80, 87
5. Bui N, Woodward B, Johnson A, Husain H. Novel treatment strategies for brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2016;17:25.
6. Wang YY, Wang YS, Liu T, Yang K, Yang GQ, et al. Efficacy study of CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery combined with CIK cell immunotherapy for advanced refractory lung cancer. Exp Ther Med 2013;5:453-6.
7. Thapa B, Lauko A, Desai K, Venur VA, Ahluwalia MS. Novel systemic treatments for brain metastases from lung cancer. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2018;20:48.
8. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 2.2019. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) 2018.
9. Sperduto PW, Yang TJ, Beal K, Pan H, Brown PD, et al. Estimating survival in patients with lung cancer and brain metastases: an update of the graded prognostic assessment for lung cancer using molecular markers (Lung-molGPA). JAMA Oncol 2017;3:827-31.
10. Bergsma DP, Salama JK, Singh DP, Chmura SJ, Milano MT. Radiotherapy for oligometastatic lung cancer. Front Oncol 2017;7:210.
11. Aly Z, Peereboom DM. Combination of radiotherapy and targeted agents in brain metastasis: an update. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2016;18:32.
12. Linskey ME, Andrews DW, Asher AL, Burri SH, Kondziolka D, et al. The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol 2010;96:45-68.
13. Fuentes R, Osorio D, Exposito Hernandez J, Simancas-Racines D, Martinez-Zapata MJ, et al. Surgery versus stereotactic radiotherapy for people with single or solitary brain metastasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;8:Cd012086.
14. O’Neill BP, Iturria NJ, Link MJ, Pollock BE, Ballman KV, et al. A comparison of surgical resection and stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;55:1169-76.
15. Routman DM, Yan E, Vora S, Peterson J, Mahajan A, et al. Preoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. Front Neurol 2018;9:959.
16. Asher AL, Burri SH, Wiggins WF, Kelly RP, Boltes MO, et al. A new treatment paradigm: neoadjuvant radiosurgery before surgical resection of brain metastases with analysis of local tumor recurrence. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014;88:899-906.
17. Patel KR, Burri SH, Asher AL, Crocker IR, Fraser RW, et al. Comparing preoperative with postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for resectable brain metastases: A multi-institutional analysis. J Neurooncol 2017;131:611-8.
18. Sperduto PW, Kased N, Roberge D, Xu Z, Shanley R, et al. Summary report on the graded prognostic assessment: an accurate and facile diagnosis-specific tool to estimate survival for patients with brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:419-25.
19. Halasz LM, Uno H, Hughes M, D’Amico T, Dexter EU, et al. Comparative effectiveness of stereotactic radiosurgery versus whole-brain radiation therapy for patients with brain metastases from breast or non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2016;122:2091-100.
20. Yamamoto M, Serizawa T, Shuto T, Akabane A, Higuchi Y, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:387-95.
21. Sneed PK, Mendez J, Vemer-van den Hoek JG, Seymour ZA, Ma L, et al. Adverse radiation effect after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: incidence, time course, and risk factors. J Neurosurg 2015;123:373-86.
22. Chin LS, Lazio BE, Biggins T, Amin P. Acute complications following Gamma Knife radiosurgery are rare. Surg Neurol 2000;53:498-502. discussion 502
23. Miller JA, Bennett EE, Xiao R, Kotecha R, Chao ST, et al. Association between radiation necrosis and tumor biology after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016;96:1060-9.
24. Shaw E, Scott C, Souhami L, Dinapoli R, Kline R, et al. Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: final report of RTOG protocol 90-05. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47:291-8.
25. Yamamoto M, Serizawa T, Higuchi Y, Sato Y, Kawagishi J, et al. A multi-institutional prospective observational study of stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901 Study Update): Irradiation-related complications and long-term maintenance of mini-mental state examination scores. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017;99:31-40.
26. Minniti G, Scaringi C, Paolini S, Lanzetta G, Romano A, et al. Single-fraction versus multifraction (3 x 9 Gy) stereotactic radiosurgery for large (>2 cm) brain metastases: a comparative analysis of local control and risk of radiation-induced brain necrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016;95:1142-8.
27. Masucci GL. Hypofractionated radiation therapy for large brain metastases. Front Oncol 2018;8:379.
28. Margolin K, Ernstoff MS, Hamid O, Lawrence D, McDermott D, et al. Ipilimumab in patients with melanoma and brain metastases: an open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:459-65.
29. El Rassy E, Botticella A, Kattan J, Le Pechoux C, Besse B, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases and the immune system: from brain metastases development to treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2018;68:69-79.
30. Berghoff AS, Fuchs E, Ricken G, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, et al. Density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlates with extent of brain edema and overall survival time in patients with brain metastases. Oncoimmunology 2015;5:e1057388.
31. Frey B, Rubner Y, Kulzer L, Werthmoller N, Weiss EM, et al. Antitumor immune responses induced by ionizing irradiation and further immune stimulation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014;63:29-36.
32. Schaue D, Ratikan JA, Iwamoto KS, McBride WH. Maximizing tumor immunity with fractionated radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:1306-10.
33. Dewan MZ, Galloway AE, Kawashima N, Dewyngaert JK, Babb JS, et al. Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:5379-88.
34. Chicas-Sett R, Morales-Orue I, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Lara-Jimenez P. Combining radiotherapy and ipilimumab induces clinically relevant radiation-induced abscopal effects in metastatic melanoma patients: a systematic review. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017;9:5-11.
35. Knisely JP, Yu JB, Flanigan J, Sznol M, Kluger HM, et al. Radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases in the ipilimumab era and the possibility of longer survival. J Neurosurg 2012;117:227-33.
36. Ngwa W, Irabor OC, Schoenfeld JD, Hesser J, Demaria S, et al. Using immunotherapy to boost the abscopal effect. Nat Rev Cancer 2018;18:313-22.
37. Hubbeling HG, Schapira EF, Horick NK, Goodwin KEH, Lin JJ, et al. Safety of combined pd-1 pathway inhibition and intracranial radiation therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2018;13:550-8.
38. Chen L, Douglass J, Kleinberg L, Ye X, Marciscano AE, et al. Concurrent immune checkpoint inhibitors and stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018;100:916-25.
39. Martin AM, Cagney DN, Catalano PJ, Alexander BM, Redig AJ, et al. Immunotherapy and symptomatic radiation necrosis in patients with brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiation. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:1123-4.
40. Ahmed Kamran AK, Kim S, Arrington J, Naghavi AO, Dilling TJ. Outcomes targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in conjunction with stereotactic radiation for patients with non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases. J Neurooncol 2017;133:331-8.
41. Hirsch FR, Bunn PA Jr. EGFR testing in lung cancer is ready for prime time. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:432-3.
42. Kwak EL, Bang YJ, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, Solomon B, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1693-703.
43. Dugay F, Llamas-Gutierrez F, Gournay M, Medane S, Mazet F, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of ROS1- and RET-rearranged NSCLC in caucasian patients: data from a cohort of 713 non-squamous NSCLC lacking KRAS/EGFR/HER2/BRAF/PIK3CA/ALK alterations. Oncotarget 2017;8:53336-51.
44. Rangachari D, Yamaguchi N, VanderLaan PA, Folch E, Mahadevan A, et al. Brain metastases in patients with EGFR-mutated or ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer 2015;88:108-11.
45. Patil T, Smith DE, Bunn PA, Aisner DL, Le AT, et al. The incidence of brain metastases in stage IV ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer and rate of central nervous system progression on crizotinib. J Thorac Oncol 2018;13:1717-26.
46. Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, Reungwetwattana T, Chewaskulyong B, et al. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-Mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2018;378:113-25.
47. Reungwetwattana T, Nakagawa K, Cho BC, Cobo M, Cho EK, et al. CNS response to osimertinib versus standard epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with untreated EGFR-Mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2018; doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.78.3118.
48. Akimoto T, Hunter NR, Buchmiller L, Mason K, Ang KK, et al. Inverse relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor expression and radiocurability of murine carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:2884-90.
49. Chinnaiyan P, Huang S, Vallabhaneni G, Armstrong E, Varambally S, et al. Mechanisms of enhanced radiation response following epidermal growth factor receptor signaling inhibition by erlotinib (Tarceva). Cancer Res 2005;65:3328-35.
50. Soon YY, Leong CN, Koh WY, Tham IW. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors versus cranial radiation therapy for EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol 2015;114:167-72.
51. Magnuson WJ, Lester-Coll NH, Wu AJ, Yang TJ, Lockney NA, et al. Management of brain metastases in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-naive epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer: A retrospective multi-institutional analysis. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:1070-7.
52. Sperduto PW, Wang M, Robins HI, Schell MC, Werner-Wasik M, et al. A phase 3 trial of whole brain radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery alone versus WBRT and SRS with temozolomide or erlotinib for non-small cell lung cancer and 1 to 3 brain metastases: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0320. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013;85:1312-8.
53. Wang W, Song Z, Zhang Y. Efficacy of brain radiotherapy plus EGFR-TKI for EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer patients who develop brain metastasis. Arch Med Sci 2018;14:1298-307.
54. Costa DB, Shaw AT, Ou SH, Solomon BJ, Riely GJ, et al. Clinical experience with crizotinib in patients with advanced alk-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer and brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:1881-8.
55. Peters S, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, Gadgeel S, Ahn JS, et al. Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated alk-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2017;377:829-38.
56. Hida T, Nokihara H, Kondo M, Kim YH, Azuma K, et al. Alectinib versus crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (J-ALEX): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2017;390:29-39.
57. Gadgeel S, Peters S, Mok T, Shaw AT, Kim DW, et al. Alectinib versus crizotinib in treatment-naive anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) non-small-cell lung cancer: CNS efficacy results from the ALEX study. Ann Oncol 2018;29:2214-22.
58. Kim DW, Tiseo M, Ahn MJ, Reckamp KL, Hansen KH, et al. Brigatinib in patients with crizotinib-refractory anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized, multicenter phase ii trial. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:2490-8.
59. Gainor JF, Sherman CA, Willoughby K, Logan J, Kennedy E, et al. Alectinib salvages CNS relapses in ALK-positive lung cancer patients previously treated with crizotinib and ceritinib. J Thorac Oncol 2015;10:232-6.
60. Solomon BJ, Besse B, Bauer TM, Felip E, Soo RA, et al. Lorlatinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a global phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:1654-67.
61. Griesinger F, Roeper J, Pottgen C, Willborn KC, Eberhardt WEE. Brain metastases in ALK-positive NSCLC - time to adjust current treatment algorithms. Oncotarget 2018;9:35181-94.
62. Lim SM, Kim HR, Lee JS, Lee KH, Lee YG, et al. Open-label, multicenter, phase ii study of ceritinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring ros1 rearrangement. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:2613-8.
63. Solomon B, Shaw A, Ou S, Besse B, Felip E, et al. OA 05.06 phase 2 study of lorlatinib in patients with advanced ALK+/ROS1+ non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2017;12:S1756.
64. Weickhardt AJ, Scheier B, Burke JM, Gan G, Lu X, et al. Local ablative therapy of oligoprogressive disease prolongs disease control by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in oncogene-addicted non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:1807-14.
65. Gan GN, Weickhardt AJ, Scheier B, Doebele RC, Gaspar LE, et al. Stereotactic radiation therapy can safely and durably control sites of extra-central nervous system oligoprogressive disease in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive lung cancer patients receiving crizotinib. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014;88:892-8.